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a number of important things along the same line. Meantime, Mrs. Thornley's charges were denied (Apl. 4) by a formal Resolution of the London Board of Education after what was stated to have been an investigation; the London W.C.T.U. backed up its President in making these statements and, on Apl. 24, she appeared before the local Ministerial Association and submitted various proofs which the meeting accepted as reliable; on May 26 the Mayor of London was asked by a delegation of citizens for an investigation which he refused to grant: "Let the parents of the boys and girls be taught the responsibility they have for their children. They should be taught morality in the home. Playgrounds should be provided, properly supervised, where the youngsters after they are out of school may be properly looked after. Steps should be taken to prevent them congregating on the streets and, above all, parents should keep the children off the streets at night."

Toronto University made further strides in building construction and in general progress during 1911. The Power plant, the Muesum building, the Pathological building, the Athletic grandstand and improvements, and the splendid new organ in Convocation Hall (costing about $20,000) were well underway or completed; the revenue for the year ending June 30 was $843,876 and the expenditure $777,810; the total Staff of the University and University College numbered 368 including 51 Professors, 50 Associate Professors and the balance teachers, lecturers, demonstrators, etc.; the registration of students in 1910-11 was 4,112 of whom 2,364 were in Arts, 567 in Medicine, 779 in Applied Science, 101 in Household Science, 262 in Faculty of Education and 46 in that of Forestry-3,094 were men and 1,018 women. As to Degrees conferred they were as follows: M.A., 43; LL.B., 13; B.A.Sc., 104; D.D.S., 47; M.B., 148; B.A., 266.

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President R. A. Falconer in his annual Report stated that notwithstanding the generosity of the Government to the University, the Board is endeavouring to do a larger amount of work on a smaller income than is undertaken by almost any other similar institution on the Continent. This will appear from a comparison of Toronto with several of the leading Universities of the United States." He quoted figures which were said to prove that "while the University of Toronto is one of the largest on this Continent, it is receiving less from the Province than any of those that compare with it in size receive from their States, and that the cost per student is lowest in Toronto." He added that the reports from the various departments indicate that the raising of the standard of matriculation two years ago has been effective in improving the quality of the students. This year the standard has again been raised, and in 1912 the average required on all papers will be 60 per cent. Beyond this average it will not be possible to advance." The stated Assets of the University in

lands, building, investments, etc., were $5,440,343 on June 30, 1911.

Queen's University, Kingston, passed through an important stage in its history during this year. On Jan. 9 J. Macdonald Mowat, R. W. Brock, and other prominent graduates, issued an appeal for the nationalization of the University and abrogation of its technical and historic connection with the Presbyterian Church. The spiritual connection could always be maintained. "One thing is certain; we must end the present state of uncertainty by which our alma mater is held suspended in mid-air and can count on support neither from the Church nor the State, neither from Presbyterian or non-Presbyterian." On Apl. 26 a Resolution was carried by the Board of Trustees regarding the removal of denominational restrictions, by a vote of 17 to 4, as follows: "The Trustees have given further effort to reach unanimity; they desire to point out that absolute unanimity is found to be impossible, that a very large majority of the Trustees favour the proposed constitutional changes, and that a recent appeal to the graduates has called forth an overwhelming vote (1,430 to 132) on their part in favour of these changes. The Trustees, therefore, urge that in the interests of the University the conclusions arrived at by the Assembly's Commission should be carried out, and they respectfully ask that the Assembly co-operate with the Board of Trustees in procuring the legislation necessary to give effect to the proposed changes in the constitution of the University."

The final scene in this prolonged discussion occurred in the Presbyterian General Assembly at Ottawa on June 9 when the request of the University Board of Trustees was approved by 132 to 79 and then unanimously. The strongest advocate for separation was Principal D. M. Gordon who presented the report of the Trustees. There was quite a vigorous opposition headed by G. M. Macdonell, K.C., of Kingston, and strong speeches were made on both sides. An alternative motion was also submitted by Rev. Dr. James Ross of London to the effect that the Assembly accede to the request, but that first the Ontario Government be asked to guarantee that the University would be given adequate Provincial support. This motion was disposed of by 35 voting for and 59 against. The new plan of organization included a reconstruction of the Board of Trustees; the separation of the Principal's post from that of Primarius Professor of Divinity and the making of laymen eligible; the creation of a Theological faculty to be called Queen's College, governed mainly by representatives of the General Assembly.*

Following this event the Hon. R. A. Pyne on Oct. 18 opened the new Gordon Hall of the University-a Chemistry building given

*NOTE. A Measure embodying these and other details passed the 1912 Parliament.

by the Provincial Government; while Dr. James Douglas of New York, a graduate of 1858, a Trustee and the recent donor of $50,000 for a Chair of Colonial History, laid the corner-stone of a Metallurgy building. On Sept. 1, Prof. N. F. Dupuis, after 45 years of service, retired from the University Staff while G. M. Macdonell, K.C., resigned, a little later, his posts of Trustee and Solicitor. It may be added that the University's revenue for the year ending Mch. 31 was $106,853, that the enrolment of students for 1910-11 was 1,612 or 95 more than in the previous year, that the students in the affiliated School of Mining numbered 654 and that Queen's Quarterly continued to be a Review of high character.

An educational incident of the year was the retirement of Colonel G. T. Denison from the Chairmanship of the Board of Governors of Upper Canada College after ten years incumbency. Another, of a different kind, was the trial of L. S. Levee, Chairman of the Board of Education of Toronto, charged with having used his official position to further the sale, amongst Principals and teachers, of stock in the T. A. Slocum (Patent Medicine) Co., Ltd., of which he was President, with a report, published on May 11, by Judge Winchester finding him guilty; his refusal to resign the position of Chairman of the Board and the voting down by the Board itself of a Resolution moved by R. D. Fairbairn asking him to vacate his seat or be formally displaced. The sad death of Violet Smith, a young school teacher at Dillon's Point, Parry Sound District, occurred on or about Oct. 19 by suicide-owing, it was said, to loneliness and undue criticism by Trustees and others and with a deduction by The Globe (Oct. 21) that "Canada to-day needs several thousand male teachers more than it needs anything else men who will make a lifework of their profession, and men by whom the conditions that overwhelmed Violet Smith would be overcome speedily on a physical force basis."

At the 67th annual gathering of Knox College (Apl. 6) Mr. J. K. Macdonald stated that the cost of their new structure in Queen's Park would be $392,629 of which $260,000 had been subscribed and, on Apl. 28, the statement was made at Wycliffe College Commencement that a $250,000 increased endowment was necessary of which $110,000 had been contributed. On Feb. 4th Mr. Justice J. V. Teetzel dismissed without costs the action brought by Morris Shaver on behalf of himself and other ratepayers of the Townships of Russell and Cambridge, in Russell County, for an injunction restraining the local School Board from continuing to have Roman Catholic instruction within their school building. A Resolution had been passed by the Board declaring that the school should close at 3.30 to permit the teaching of the catechism to their pupils. As there were only 8 Protestant pupils on the roll, which included over 100 names, practically all the students remained. His Lordship decided that it was within the power of the Board to arrange the hours as they pleased so long

as they did not shorten them beyond five hours and that the Provincial Act permitted teachers, duly authorized by a religious denomination, to teach the faith and principles of that religion in the school buildings after school hours to those pupils who cared to stay. Six days later an Orange Delegation waited on the Minister of Education and asked that all religious teaching be prohibited in Ontario Public Schools. The Minister replied that the Government had no intention of taking such action but would investigate any infraction of the Regulations.

Hydro-Electric Power

During the year this important branch of the Whitney Government's policy was brought to the Developments point of inaugurating Electric lighting facilities in of the Year some of the most important centres of Western Ontario. The Government had constructed Transmission Lines from Niagara Falls, built by the exercise of Provincial credit and secured by arrangements made through the Hydro-Electric Power Commission with the different Municipalities concerned and it opened up during 1911 a further series of beautifully and bountifully lighted cities and towns. London, Guelph, Berlin, Stratford, St. Mary's, St. Thomas, Toronto, Hamilton, Woodstock, Hespeler, Preston, Waterloo, New Hamburg, Ingersoll, Dundas, Tillsonburg, Weston, Galt, Brampton, Seaforth, Mitchell, Waterdown, Midland, Penetanguishene, Port Arthur and Ottawa were all supplied with Electric power through the Commission by the close of the year-some of it from places other than Niagara.

There was more than mere lighting involved, however. It was claimed that when the extensions of the Hydro-Electric system were completed, a much wider utilization of cheap power and greater economies in production, both in the factory and on the farm, would be possible. With this cheap power, with its geographical situation, with its abundance of natural resources and facilities for transportation by water and by rail, Ontario would be in a position to develop into a hive of manufacturing industry. One of the main factors in promoting this development would, obviously, be the existence of cheap power facilities in the manufacturing centres and in a large number of the towns and villages. It would make not only better lighted and heated municipalities, but by the creation of radial railways would bring the rural population into closer touch with urban centres and make possible some measure of freedom from dependence upon United States coal supplies.

So far, however, as this process had gone in 1911 there was some cheapening in lighting rates but as yet no appreciable influence upon manufacturing development. Many commercial and industrial concerns put off the expense of re-modelling their plants and, in London and Toronto, showed some tendency to continue their contracts with the local competitive organizations. During

the year the Commission's net profit for eight months operation to St. Thomas, Woodstock and Galt was $13,000 and six months profit to Berlin, Guelph and Preston, $23,000. According to figures made public by Hon. Adam Beck, Chairman of the Hydro-Electric Power Commission on Oct. 28, the total estimate for establishing the Niagara Power system was $4,006,927 with $3,515,751 spent to July 31st and $405,416 of further expenditure anticipated. These figures included right-of-way, transmission lines, transfer stations, testing instruments, etc. For the succeeding fiscal year an income of $473,828 from municipalities was expected with a net surplus on operation, while on Jan. 1, 1912, 38 municipalities voted in favour of Power By-laws. For the year ending Mch. 31, 1911, the electrical power generated by the Hydro-Electric Companies at Niagara Falls was as follows:

Total Output Horse-power Horse-power of GeneratGenerated for Generated for ing Station or Export. Home Consumption. other source.

Company.

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Meantime the opposition to and discussion of this policy still centred in Toronto and around conditions created between the City-in its proposals to supply Niagara Power to the people through and by means of the Hydro-Electric Commission-and the Toronto Electric Light Co., Ltd., which claimed that competition by a municipality, backed by a Provincial Government and its Legislature, with a private corporate enterprise, was unfair. In this connection an interview recorded in The Globe of Mch. 14th, as presenting the views of one in touch with the Civic authorities, stated that "with the introduction of Hydro-electric power into Toronto present rates might be expected to drop from 20 to 33 per cent." The City could only charge what the power actually cost and not with the object of making money. Îf the City was able to supply power below the Toronto Electric Light Company's prices, the Company would be compelled to meet their prices in order to hold their customers. Whether true or not such views naturally did not commend themselves to Sir Henry Pellatt and other citizens interested in the Electric Light Company.

An extended effort was made upon both sides to avert the expected competition. It was understood that the Company would sell if their terms were reasonably met and on Mch. 10 the Civic Board of Control considered a Report from R. A. Ross, a consulting Engineer of Montreal, to the effect: (1) that the City could afford to pay $125 per share of $100 for the stock of the Company if the latter's contract to purchase all power from the Toronto & Niagara and the Electric Development associated concerns were eliminated or largely restricted; (2) that by such

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