of Agriculture, on May 27th at Farnham, he put such considerations out of sight and made the following remarks: "We have increased 47 per cent. in population in 10 years, the largest increase of any country in the world. In 10 years we will have 12,000,000 people, in 10 more 16,000,000 to 17,000,000 and in 10 more over 30,000,000 people in Canada."

Meanwhile the Census arrangements were going on with notes of dissatisfaction expressed here and there as to methods and character. One statement was that the Quebec part of the Census had always been more or less inaccurate because, it was said, the Census enumerators returned names of thousands of persons carried upon the Registers of the various parishes and furnished in good faith by the local Curés. Very many of these people, so returned, really lived in New England, voted there and were to all intents and purposes citizens of the United States. They had, however, been born and reared in Quebec, sometimes visited their old homes, perhaps contributed to the support of the parish church, and were naturally carried upon the records of the parish as members of the congregation. Another criticism was expressed in the House on May 15th when W. D. Staples (Cons.) charged that a Liberal party organizer was in control of the Census enumerators of Manitoba. The returns actually asked for by the Government on June 1st were very complete and included particulars as to residence, birth, family, domestic conditions, citizenship, nationality and religion; profession, occupation and trade or means of living; wage-earnings and insurance; education, and language spoken, and infirmities. The production of Agriculture, Manufactures, Minerals, Fisheries and the Dairy was to be analyzed. Only some general details as to area and population were made public in October, 1911, and they showed the population to be 7,192,338-subject to a revision which afterwards made about 100,000 difference. The final figures for Canada and the Provinces were as follows:

These returns showed a total gain of 1,833,212 or 34:13 per cent. in ten years. Compared with United States progress this result was not unfavourable. Not since the decade 1850-60 had the Republic exceeded 30 per cent. and this latter increase was

in 1870-80. There was, however, immediate Conservative criticism, and some not Conservative, with the prompt question as to where an alleged missing million of population had gone to. Either the people had not come into the country as the Government returns showed, or they had left the country in large numbers, or the natural increase of the population by birth was nil, or else the Census figures were wrong. Statistics as to emigration to the United States were worked out by the Toronto Mail, for the whole decade, from American returns and it was stated (Oct. 19) that these returns only showed a total of 179,226 between 1901 and 1910. The inference of this journal was that either Canada's immigration lists were inaccurate and the expenditure of $7,768,199 in that connection during the ten years mis-spent, or that the Census had been improperly taken. The Winnipeg Free Press (Lib.) analyzed the situation on Oct. 19th, stated that a similar mystery prevailed at each recurring Census, put the natural increase of the people at 10 per cent. as a safer figure than 20 and estimated the total at 537,131 in the decade. Adding the immigrants and taking no account of their natural increase it left 800,000 of a population as "missing."

The Toronto News (Cons.) on the same date referred to Canadians as naturally optimistic and to the enumerators as untrained, careless and appointed in many cases from political considerations. It was, therefore, no reflection upon the permanent Census officials at Ottawa if inaccuracy was charged. Reference was also made to the difference of conditions in the United States 13th Census when all the enumerators had to pass a Civil Service examination and each applicant to be also endorsed by two prominent business men in his locality. The Ottawa Free Press (Lib.) thought the Census itself fairly accurate and proceeded: "Taking this for granted, it then seems necessary to have some sort of an investigation as to where the immigrants go. Are we maintaining an Immigration corps merely to bring people to Canada as a way-house to the United States, or are we still contributing our thousands of young people each year to the millions of the American Republic? The Census figures give us cause for thought and, probably, for investigation." From specific localities many and, perhaps, natural complaints or expressions of_disappointment came. Saskatoon, Calgary, Port Arthur, Moose Jaw, Lethbridge, Edmonton and other centres of the buoyant West were keenly disappointed to find their estimates of local population lowered. The Toronto Globe (Oct. 19) considered the most serious thing in the returns to be the indications of a decline in the rural population of the older Provinces:

In the Province of Ontario the total increase of population during the ten years was 336,955. Toronto supplied, within a fraction, half this total. The other cities and towns of over 4,000 population increased 176,553 during the decade. There were 344,753 more of the inhabitants

T

of Ontario living in towns of over 4,000 in June last than there were ten years ago. The number of persons actually living on the land or in villages and small towns was 7,798 less than a decade ago. While depopulation in rural Ontario is proceeding more rapidly perhaps than elsewhere, the same tendency is manifest in all the eastern Provinces. Quebec shows an increase of 351,799 during the Census period. The growth of Montreal is responsible for considerably over half of the total. Indeed, if to the increase of 198,467 in Montreal we add the increases in Westmount, Longueuil, Maisonneuve and other suburbs two-thirds of all the increase of population in the Province of Quebec during the past ten years has taken place in the Montreal metropolitan area. The total increase of population in Quebec cities and towns of over 4,000 has been 272,293leaving 79,500 as the increase of population on the land and in the smaller towns.

The population of Canada per square mile in 1911 was 1:93; the area 3,729,665 square miles (map measurement) or 2,386,985,595 acres. The Provincial areas were as follows: Alberta, 255,285 square miles or 163,382,400 acres; British Columbia, 355,855 square miles or 227,747,200 acres; Manitoba, 73,731 square miles or 47,188,298 acres; New Brunswick, 27,985 square miles or 17,910,400 acres; Nova Scotia, 21,427 square miles or 13,713,920 acres; Ontario, 260,862 square miles or 166,951,636 acres; Prince Edward Island, 2,184 square miles or 1,397,991 acres; Quebec, 351,873 square miles or 225,198,561 acres; Saskatchewan, 251,700 square miles or 161,088,000 acres; Yukon Territory, 207,076 square miles or 132,528,640 acres; the North-West Territories, 1,921,685 square miles or 1,229,878,400 acres. Following the Census there would, in due course, come a redistribution of representation at Ottawa with Quebec's 65 members, under the B.N.A. Act, as the basis and about 31,000 as the new unit of representation. It was estimated that 18 new seats would go to the West as a result of these returns with decreases in Ontario and the three Atlantic Provinces.

Meantime Canada's immigration had continued to increase in 1911. In the fiscal period ending Mch. 31st the number officially given was 311,084 of whom 123,013 were from the United Kingdom, 121,451 from the United States and 66,620 from other countries-chiefly continental Europe. Of the 1,788,369 received since, and including 1900, the total from Great Britain had been 690,208, from the United States 627,185 and from other countries 470,976. The British immigration of 1910-11 was the heaviest on record and this, too, in spite of what the Deputy Minister of the Interior stated in his Report to be "the greater restrictions imposed by the regulations now in force and which are very stringent." Of other than English-speaking persons this year's immigration included 7,891 Austrians, 3,553 Galicians, 2,869 Ruthenians, 1,068 Bulgarians, 5,278 Chinese, 5,146 Hebrews, 8,359 Italians, 6,621 Russians, 3,213 Swedes, 2,169 Norwegians, 2,177 Poles, 1,563 Belgians, 2,041 French and 2,530 Germans. There were only 437 Japanese and 5 Hindus. Of the total num

ber 185,198 were males, 71,038 females and 54,848 children. Of the men, by occupation, 82,654 were farm labourers or farmers, 48,712 general labourers, 26,406 mechanics, 11,242 clerks, etc., 6,044 miners. As to destination 13,236 were for the Maritime Provinces, 42,914 for Quebec, 120,198 for the Prairie Provinces and 54,626 for British Columbia. The number of deportations were 784. The homestead entries of this period in the West were 44,479.

The annual Report of J. Obed Smith, the energetic Assistant Superintendent of Emigration in London since 1908, indicated a wide area of propagandist work during the year and, if results be the proof, good service must have been rendered the figures for 1907 being 55,791 and for 1911 more than double that total. As to the Canadian Department of Immigration its Superintendent, W. D. Scott, defined his policy early in the year before the Committee on Agriculture and Colonization. It was to "encourage the immigration of farmers, farm labourers, and female domestic servants from the United States, the British Isles, and certain northern European countries, namely France, Belgium, Holland, Switzerland, Germany, Denmark, Norway, Sweden and Iceland." In the administration of this policy "the Department has endeavoured to be as just and humane as possible, bearing in mind, however, that its duty is to Canada and to Canada only, and that while every applicant for admission who is likely to be an acquisition of the country shall be admitted if the law will permit it; on the other hand, every person who is likely to be a detriment to the country must be rejected if the law will allow it." Passing from the fiscal year 1911 it may be added that the calendar year ending Dec. 31st showed a still more marked development. The total was 350,374, of which 144,076 came from the United Kingdom, 131,340 from the United States, 63,376 from continental Europe and 11,582 miscellaneous. In the matter of British emigration as a whole Mr. John Burns, President of the Board of Trade, stated in the Commons early in November that in the nine months of 1911 20-2 per cent. had gone to the United States and 79:8 per cent. to other parts of the British Empire as compared with corresponding figures in 1909 of 40.8 per cent. and 592 per cent.

Incidents of the year included an official statement at Omaha, Neb., that in 10 years 25,000 people had gone from that State to Western Canada carrying cash and property valued at $21,263,000; the statement by L. W. Hill at a St. Paul banquet on Nov. 27 that the United States in withdrawing 134,801,000 acres of land from settlement in the north-western States had driven many people across the border to the flag of King George; the meeting on May 3rd of a number of Western United States Governors at Helena, Mont., to devise means of preventing further migration

to Canada; the experimental scheme inaugurated by the Duke of Sutherland which included the operation of two prepared areas of Western farming land. The larger area consisted of 2,500 acres near Clyde, southern Alberta, on the C.P.R.-soon to be reached also by the Canadian Northern-with tenants from the Duke's estates who were to be given a choice of buying the land in ten years with instalments at 6 per cent. interest or in five years at 4 per cent. interest. The plan was very similar to that on which the C.P.R. homestead lands were sold to the settlers. The other property consisted of 1,500 acres near Edmonton, to be retained by the Duke himself, and used for the training of farm labourers.

Some question was raised during the year by an influx of several hundred negro settlers into the West; in November complaints were made of the large number of young women being imported into the country under conditions which involved great moral danger; there was a steady migration of French-Canadians into the West and Northern Ontario-two trains, for instance, leaving Montreal on Apl. 4 with 1,000 settlers; it was stated to the press in Winnipeg, on Aug. 31, by W. C. J. Manning that a movement was developing in the Western States and embracing 6,000 Roman Catholic parishes for the purchase of a colonization area of three or four million acres in Western Canada and the organization of large settlements under Church auspices. The increasingly cosmopolitan character of Canada's population was well illustrated by the welcome accorded in Toronto to Archbishop Platon, head of the Greek Church in America, when on May 23rd and amid the acclamations of a thousand Bulgarians, Greeks, etc., he visited the local Greek Church and was received with a shower of flowers and elaborate Eastern ceremony. Another problem of population was described by The Globe of Dec. 23rd when it dealt with the extraordinary drift of women from the farms of Ontario into the cities. "In Bruce there are 1,875 more males than females, in Grey 1,719 more, and in a small county like Welland, 2,381. There is scarcely a county in Ontario, devoted chiefly to agriculture, in which there are not many more men than women, while in the single constituency of North Toronto there are 7,500 more women than men. Why is rural Ontario unable to keep the girls on the farm?" Lack of social intercourse and penurious treatment by parents were amongst the causes indicated. The Indian population of Canada causes no public difficulty from year to year except an occasional debate in Parliament when some Reserve is sold or exchanged. The plague of tuberculosis continued to be their chief enemy and, as to education, the number of schools in operation (1910-11) was 324 with an enrolment of 11,190 pupils. The value of their product in grains, roots and hay was $1,460,462 while their numbers were officially stated to be 108,261-including 4,600 Esquimaux.