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Canadian
Forests,

According to H. R. Macmillan, of the Dominion Forestry Service (Canadian Engineer of June 29, Fisheries and 1911), there still remained in Canada, despite fires Water-Powers and exploitation, about 120,000,000,000 cubic feet of merchantable timber or about one-quarter of the quantity available for manufacture in the United States. "It is not nearly enough for our future needs in Canada, unless we adopt an advanced policy of forest administration that will enable us to treat our forests less like a mine and more like a crop." As a result of Canadian Government policy-Dominion and Provincial -159,646,800 acres had been set aside in Forest Reserves. These large areas, however, were not yet utilized or treated scientifically -partly because of lack of money and partly for lack of expert labour. The Dominion Forestry Department since its institution in 1901-with Elihu Stewart as Superintendent and R. H. Campbell after 1907-had done what was possible with a grant commencing at $2,500 and totalling $255,000 in 1911-12 and in the past two years a succession of valuable pamphlets had been issued dealing with various elements of production and compiled by A. Knechtel, A. H. D. Ross, J. R. Dickson, G. A. Gutches and R. H. Campbell-the majority being prepared, however, by H. R. Macmillan. In the article by this specialist, quoted above, he estimated that with the Reserves under proper management and treatment-such as that attained in Germany where 64 per cent. of the forest area of 34,000,000 acres was under a more intensive management than most Canadian farms-all that would be needed for future consumption in Canada would be 3,000,000 acres of reserved forest product for every 1,000,000 people. Meanwhile, Canadian forests, largely through fire, were being steadily depleted while the timber demand at the same time increased. The latest available detailed figures of the timber-cut in Canada (1909) are as follows:

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Of actual consumption in 1910 there were 1,565,682 poles used at a valuation of $2,087,748; there were 52,848,000 linear feet of round mining timber consumed worth $523,339 and 22,305,000 feet of sawn mining timber worth $303,998; the number of crossties used was 9,213,962 costing $3,535,628; the total lumber cut of the year was 4,901,649,000 feet B.M. valued at $77,503,187. The wood-using industries of Canada were officially stated to have used timber as follows in 1910: 119 furniture and car manu

facturers, 77,047,000 feet B.M. of Canadian timber costing $1,604,003 and 40,846,000 feet, imported, at a cost of $1,383,207; 162 manufacturers of agricultural implements and vehicles, 49,964,000 feet, Canadian, at a cost of $1,230,071, and 26,510,000 imported, at a cost of $1,283,194. The value of the lumber at the saw-mills in Canada averaged $15.81 per 1,000 feet; its cost to Furniture industries averaged $20.82 and to agricultural implement makers $24.64.

As to Pulpwood there were 51 mills reporting to the Department in 1910 using and manufacturing 598,487 cords valued at $3,585,154. There were exported 943,141 cords in a raw state valued at $6,210,042. If this latter product had been reduced to pulp in Canada it would have required 80 more mills and much additional labour to do it. As it was, 58 of the 253 pulp mills of the United States ran for the year, employed help, and paid profits, on the raw product from Canada. The average price of lumber in Canada during 1910 was 60 cents per 1,000 feet less than in 1909 while the number of saw-mills increased 32.6 per cent. with 2,762 firms in 1910 operating nearly 3,000 mills and having an output of 1,086,707,000 board feet. The total number of shingles made in this year was 1,976,640,000, worth $3,557,211; the value of the laths produced was $1,943,544; the total value of all Canadian timber products was $83,989,197.

The Canadian Forestry Convention met at Quebec on Jan. 18-20, 1911, with Hon. W. C. Edwards in the chair and under the auspices of an Association having for its objects the exploration of the public domain, so that lands unsuitable for agriculture might be reserved for timber production; the preservation of the forests for their influence on climate, soil and water-supply; the promotion of judicious methods in dealing with forests and woodlands; tree-planting on the plains and on streets and highways with reforestration wherever advisable; the collection and dissemination of information bearing on the Forestry problem in general. H.E. Earl Grey opened the Convention and Sir Lomer Gouin addressed it briefly as did a number of other well-known men. R. H. Campbell, Dominion Superintendent of Forestry, defined the elements of Forest protection as (1) a permanent and settled location of the forest with definite boundaries and knowledge of conditions; (2) a permanent, adequate and qualified staff of men with knowledge of the science and practice of Forestry; (3) an efficient and sufficient fire-patrol with emphasis on the protection of young timber. Resolutions were passed (1) asking for amendment of the Dominion Railway Act so as to make Railways responsible for all damages that may occur through fires set by their locomotives; (2) expressing heartfelt satisfaction at the progress of public interest in Forestry and recommending that in all forests controlled either by the Dominion or by the Province, there should be a more systematic develop

ment of forest protection by educated forest inspectors, fire rangers, fire lines, fire roads, telephone lines, etc., etc., and that as the value of the forests has increased there should be more adequate amounts spent for protection; (3) approving the proposed National highway from the Atlantic to the Pacific and recommending an increase in current Provincial, County and Municipal road grants. At a later meeting of this Association George Y. Chown, of Kingston, was elected President and John Hendry, of Vancouver, Vice-President.

The Fisheries of Canada have in recent years continued to increase in productiveness although some of the inland waters have commenced to show signs of depletion or a decreased catch, while the salmon, mackerel, oyster and shad industries appear to be somewhat on the down grade. Between 1870 and 1911 the total known product had been $800,000,000 in value; how much more was caught without official knowledge can only be guessed at but the quantity must have been very large. The resources, however, were those of a country which possesses probably the most extensive Fisheries in the world. The waters in and around Canada are said to contain the principal commercial food fishes in greater abundance than the waters of any other part of the world. Their remarkable fertility in this respect is shown by the fact that all the lobsters, herring, mackerel and sardines, nearly all the haddock and many of the cod, hake and pollock used in Canada are taken from within its territorial waters. The coast line of the Atlantic Provinces from the Bay of Fundy to the Straits of Belle Isle, and eliminating lesser bays and indentations, measures over 5,000 miles. This great stretch of coast has innumerable natural harbours and coves in many of which valuable fish are still taken in considerable quantities with little effort. On the Pacific coast the Province of British Columbia has a sea-washed shore of 7,000 miles and, within the limits of its territorial waters, there exist fish and mammals, according to Canada's Deputy Minister of Fisheries (A. Johnston), in greater abundance than anywhere else in the whole world.

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In addition to this immense salt-water fishing area Canada has numerous lakes of no less than 220,000 square miles of fresh water, abundantly stocked with many species of excellent food fishes. Of this area the Great Lakes form only one-fifth. value of the Fisheries in the year (Mch. 31) 1911 was $29,965,433 or the highest on record, and of this total the sea contributed $26,122,596 and the inland waters $3,842,837. The principal fish caught were salmon, $7,205,871; cod, $5,921,248; lobsters, $3,784,099; herring, $2,278,842; halibut, $1,251,839; haddock, $1,218,759. Others over $100,000 in value were whitefish, trout, smelts, sardines, pickerel, hake, pollock, mackerel, pike, clams, oysters, alewives and eels. The industry thus employed included 1,680 vessels and 38,977 boats manned by 68,610 men with 24,978

persons employed in Canneries and fish-houses and a capital invested of $19,019,870. During 1910-11 $332,300 was spent by the Dominion authorities on Fish-breeding establishments and the usual $160,000 of fishing bounty was paid in the Atlantic Provinces and Quebec-a total since 1882 of $4,580,204. It may be added that recent estimates indicate $300,000,000 as the value of the world's fisheries product, so far as reported, with the United States first, Great Britain second, Russia third, France fourth, and Canada a close fifth. The Canadian exports of fish in 1911 were $14,975,849.

At the basis of much Canadian development in these days of industrial and electrical operation are the water powers of which the Dominion possesses about one-half of the world's available resources. Elaborate statistics were compiled in 1909-10 by the Commission on Conservation and a Report issued (L. G. Denis and A. V. White) which constitutes the one authoritative source of information on this subject. Canada's total water area is 125,000 square miles as compared with 52,360 square miles possessed by the United States; in Niagara Falls it has perhaps the most important single source of power in the world while from an economic standpoint the power stations established there have constituted the greatest hydro-electric power site in existence with $22,000,000 of an investment on the Canadian side and a power available to Canada of 1,352,500 horse-power; in the Ottawa River and its tributaries, in the St. Lawrence under an improved system of canalizing and storage, in the Northern lakes and rivers of Ontario, in the Lake St. John and many other regions of Quebec, in the Winnipeg and Bow and North Saskatchewan Rivers of the West, in the Victoria and Vancouver developments, on the Nelson and Fraser and other great waters of British Columbia, and in the vast stretches of the Yukon, Canada has untold possibilities of industrial expansion through the use of water power.

According to figures published by the Commission there was in 1910 a total of 1,016,521 horse-power under development of which 742,955 horse-power was used in electrical energy, 158,051 in the paper and pulp industry and 115,515 in miscellaneous energy. Too much boasting as to resources in this respect was deprecated in the Commission's report: "One of the chief dangers of such generalities is to create in the popular mind a feeling of unwarranted assurance that even though desirable water rights are being granted by a Government yet there is so much left that no apprehension need be entertained regarding the amount of power rights being parted with." At Niagara Falls, for instance, "franchises have already been partially completed for the development of the Canadian side of the River, of about 450,000 h.p. In other words, instead of millions' of horse power being available, as has sometimes been stated, it appears that about one-half,

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and by all odds the better half, of Canada's usable share of Niagara Falls power has already been placed under private control."

One Power development concern was much before the public in 1910 and 1911-the Long Sault Development Co.-which was seeking authority at Washington and Ottawa to dam the St. Lawrence River near Cornwall and convert the Long Sault Rapids into an immense basin from which, it was believed, 500,000 horsepower might be obtained in electrical energy. At Massena, N.Y., the Company had already spent millions in development work and transferred, in a few years, a little American village into a thriving manufacturing centre with 30,000 h.p. in operation. It was claimed that similar results would follow on the Canadian side if the authority were given there which the Company already had from the State of New York. It was proposed to throw a series of five dams across the River, the last dam touching the Canadian shore just above the town of Cornwall. In these dams power-houses would be inserted which, combined, would produce a minimum of 500,000 horse-power-enough to serve expanding Massena, the whole of Northern New York, the towns of Cornwall and Brockville, all of eastern Ontario, and western Quebec, with lots left over. The work being only 90 miles from Montreal it was quite possible that its completion might have a marked effect on the local power and light situation in that city. The vital Canadian objection was to the giving of monopoly control over an international waterway to a Foreign concern which might create serious complications and affect Canada's rights in the St. Lawrence.

Industrial
Conditions

and Develop-
ment during
1911

In 1881 there was invested in Canadian manufacturing industries $165,302,623 with an output of $309,676,068; in 1905 these had grown to $846,585,023 with an output of $706,446,578; in 1911, according to the Canadian Manufacturers Association, a conservative estimate would be $1,500,000,000 of money invested and a production of $1,000,000,000. At these periods, respectively, the amount paid out in industrial wages was $59,429,002, $162,155,578, and (estimated) $234,000,000. According to T. A. Russell, a well-known manufacturer, a Canadian industry employing 1,000 hands meant $2,428,350 expended during the first year in the community in which it was established while 435,000 artisans employed in Canada meant at least $1,000,000,000 to the Dominion. It was claimed by Mr. F. P. Megan in Industrial Canada, September, 1911, that Canada's manufacturing progress had been aided materially by the moderate protective tariff and the situation, from this standpoint, was indicated as follows:

That the tariff is not prohibitive is shown by the amount of imported goods which compete with the native product in almost every line. Manu

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