Pelletier and Nantel, who had all been Conservatives of the keenest kind for years before Nationalism was a factor in politics or was dreamed of as an element supporting the Conservative Party. Messrs. Doherty and Perley well represented the English people in Quebec though many would have liked to see Mr. Ames included; Ontario had excellent representation in Messrs. Foster, Cochrane, Crothers, Hughes, Reid and Kemp-the selection of Colonel Hughes being of special interest on account of his picturesque personality and that of Mr. Foster being a matter of course. The Conservative West was satisfied with Messrs. Rogers, Burrell, Roche and Lougheed-Mr. Bennett as associated with Senator Lougheed in the same City and Province being, for the time, inadmissible though his ability and services made many hope for his appointment. The Atlantic Provinces had the Premier himself and Mr. Hazen. Lovers of statistical detail proclaimed the average age of the Cabinet as 55, the number of native-born Canadians to be 15 out of 18, the number of lawyers to be 8; while a Liberal paper claimed that there were no farmers and no Presbyterians in the Cabinet. Mr. Foster was the only one who had been a member of a Dominion Government before though Messrs. Rogers, Hazen, Pelletier and Cochrane were men of Provincial Government experience.

Meanwhile the new Ministers had gone back to their constituencies for re-election and, on Oct. 27th, the Prime Minister and ten of his colleagues were returned without opposition. Mr. Burrell's election came a little later but he, also, was unopposed. Mr. Lougheed was in the Senate and the other two Ministers, without Portfolio, did not have to seek re-election. Dr. J. W. Daniel retired in St. John for Mr. Hazen, who had resigned the Provincial Premiership to become Minister of Marine; George Taylor resigned his long-held seat in Leeds for Hon. W. T. White; George Gordon vacated his seat in Nipissing for the Hon. Frank Cochrane. After varied rumours of opposition these Ministers, also, were eventually returned by acclamation. It may be added that the office of Solicitor-General-for which the names of H. McKenzie, K.C., of Halifax, A. C. Boyce, M.P. for West Algoma, and A. A. McLean, M.P. for Queen's, P.E.I., had been largely mentioned-was not filled at this time. A number of protests were threatened against elected members but, after conference in the Maritime and Western Provinces between the party managers, they were called off there; in Quebec Champlain (Blondin), Nicolet (Lamarche), and Maskinonge (Bellemare) were protested by the Liberals and Three Rivers (Bureau) with Richelieu (Cardin) by the Conservatives; in Ontario West, Kent (McCoig) and Norfolk (Charlton) were protested by the Conservatives and Haldimand (Lalor) with East Elgin (Marshall) by the Liberals with also a cross-appeal in Norfolk. In the last-mentioned riding

many charges were made against Mr. Charlton and his agents, including personation, undue influence with the Foreign vote, the lending, offering and promising of money, payment for meals, refreshments, drinks, horses, cabs, voters' travelling expenses, etc., and irregularities in the polling booths.

Echoes of the Election continued to be heard for some time. On Oct. 7th Mr. A. J. Balfour, speaking at Haddington, Scot., embodied British Conservative opinion as follows: "May our people approach the question of a tariff with the same broad spirit which animated the Canadian people in the decision they have just made. The Canadian decision extends far beyond their own border. It is going to be fruitful of great results to the Empire of which Canada is so important a part." On the 17th a public meeting was held at Chelsea to celebrate the Canadian victory for what Earl Stanhope (Chairman) termed "wider nationality and closer Empire unity." Lord Willoughby De Broke, Page Croft, M.P., L. J. Maxse, and others spoke. Sir Charles Tupper in the London press, just after the Elections, described the result as meaning "the consolidation of the Empire at no distant date." Speaking at Leeds on Nov. 16, for the first time as Leader of the Unionist Party, Mr. Bonar Law paid personal tribute to Sir Wilfrid Laurier and his Preferential Tariff and proceeded as follows: "The Election may turn out to be a landmark in the history of the world. We were told that the Reciprocity Treaty marked a great step toward Free-trade. If that were true, then the rejection of the Treaty was not a step but a leap backward from what they call Free-trade. We were told that the Treaty was the death-blow to the cause of Mutual Preference. If that were true then the rejection of that Treaty gives new life to the cause."

Another incident was the controversy over the Toronto Globe and its pre-election postage account. The Toronto News (Cons.) claimed on Oct. 10th, and afterwards, that the regulation imposing excess postage on newspapers sent out as campaign literature to non-subscribers had only been enforced by the Post Office Department against Conservative journals such as The News itself and had been abrogated as against The Globe and, perhaps, other Liberal papers; that the Toronto Liberal organ now owed the Government on this account the sum of $25,000. The Walkerton Herald and other Conservative papers stated that tons of extra Globe copies had been circulated in Ontario during the Elections; Le Devoir of Montreal endorsed these statements and submitted data. The News quoted the statement of Mr. Lemieux, Postmaster-General, in the House on July 27th, asserting that Clause 60 of the Post Office regulations would be strictly enforced. The Globe replied on Oct. 11th stating that, under protest, it had paid these excess charges and had understood the matter would be gone

into and settled after the Elections. 66 Upon The Globe being informed that each paper affected had made a request for a cancellation or refund of the excess charges The Globe made a similar request and, on Oct. 5th, received a letter from the Assistant Postmaster of Toronto returning the original cheque to The Globe Printing Co. and cancelling the excess charges. The Globe replied to this letter stating that it accepted the cheque on the understanding that all other papers were receiving similar consideration." On Dec. 15th the new Postmaster-General (Mr. Pelletier) sent notices to all newspapers in the same position as The Globe that they would have to pay regular newspaper rates on all extra issues mailed during the campaign. Another aftermath of the Elections was the statement contained in a special despatch to The Globe from Montreal on Dec. 12 declaring that the reason Archbishop Bruchési had not been made a Cardinal at the recent Consistory was because of his veiled partiality for the Nationalists during the Reciprocity campaign:

Some months ago the activities of the anti-Laurier, anti-Liberal, and pro-Bourassa Ultramontanes in the Church become so pronounced and unfair as to compel action by the Liberal leaders in self-defence. Repeated protests and sincere advice given to the partisan section of the Hierarchy pointing out the unwisdom, both on national and religious grounds, of the course being pursued had been without avail and finally recourse was had to Rome as the last resort. A petition signed by all the Catholic Federal Ministers and their followers in Parliament, by the Quebec Premier and by his Ministry, and by many of the leading Liberals of the Province, all of whom were faithful adherents of the Church, was sent to Rome protesting against this undue interference of the Ultramontanes in Canadian politics, giving warning that this course, if pursued, would lead to disastrous results, and urging that the supreme ecclesiastical authority be exerted to restore normal conditions.

It may be added that, on July 26, in accordance with the Reciprocity Agreement and by the President's Proclamation, entry was given by the United States to wood-pulp paper and paperboard from Canada valued at not more than 4 cents a pound and coming from private lands not affected by Provincial export regulations. After the Elections the matter of continuing this free admission went into the United States Courts for adjudication while German and other European Governments pressed for the same privilege under the terms of favoured-nation obligations which, however, the United States refused to recognize. At the close of the year, also, it was announced that the Imperial Government had been unsuccessful with the 12 favoured-nation treaty countries and had failed to obtain an abrogation of the Clause admitting their products to the countries of the Empire on the best terms given to any other country. In the British press it was added that the new Canadian Premier had requested the suspension of any negotiations which might be incomplete.

Another inherited matter was the inquiry into the stranding of H.M.C.S. Niobe, on the ledges off Cape Sable, in July, with

injuries of $175,000 in value. By instruction of the new Minister of the Naval Service a Court-Martial was held composed of officers lent by the Admiralty and convened by Rear-Admiral E. E. Bradford. Under British naval rules three officers were tried-Commander Macdonald because he had the supreme responsibility and his ship went ashore; the Navigating Officer, who missed his way in the combination of fog and current, off one of the most dangerous coasts in the world; and the Officer of the Watch. The Niobe was on its way, under orders of Mr. Brodeur, Minister of Marine and Fisheries and against the protests of Admiral Kingsmill and Commander Roper of the Naval Service Department, to be present at a local celebration in Yarmouth, N.S. The inquiry started at Halifax on Nov. 15th and resulted in the acquittal of Commander W. B. Macdonald, a reprimand to Lieut. Lord Alistair Graham, and the dismissal of Lieut. Charles White, the Navigating Officer, for carelessness.

Policy and
Principles

of the New
Borden

Government

The first important event shared in by the Borden Government was the welcome extended by its members to the new Governor-General of Canada, H.R.H., the Duke of Connaught. The Premier and his Ministers went to Quebec on Oct. 13 and at a luncheon tendered by the Dominion Government to His Royal Highness Mr. Borden said: "The representative of His Majesty in one of the greatest over-sea Dominions occupies a position, and exercises functions, of the highest responsibility. As the autonomous powers of these Dominions have increased the Crown has come to represent more and more to their people the majesty and power of the whole Empire. Thus a common allegiance to one Sovereign is not the least of those strong ties which to-day bind the self-governing Dominions to the heart of the Empire. It has been my good fortune to have been in many portions of the Empire, and what struck me most was that it was the King, the Crown, which was the great source of unity among them." The second function which the new Premier shared in was a Luncheon given him in New York by the Anglo-American Peace Centennial Committee on Oct. 28, when returning from a brief period of rest at Atlantic City. He took advantage of the occasion to diplomatically deny that Canada was hostile to the United States. "The proposals of the late Government were regarded as an essential departure from the policy which Canada has pursued during the past thirty years, and the electorate of Canada were not prepared to sanction or approve any such reversal of that policy."

At Halifax, on Nov. 2nd, the Premier was the guest of a great banquet given in celebration of the Electoral victory. He was accompanied by Messrs. Foster, Hazen, Cochrane, Doherty, Monk, Pelletier and Nantel, Hon. Dr. Sproule and Senator Landry, and was accorded an enthusiastic reception. After referring to the importance of the now decided issue and the gratitude

due to many Liberals, and officially expressed in the appointment of Mr. White, he dealt briefly with the coming policy of his Government. The Fisheries of the Maritime Provinces should be aided by the organization of a system of cold storage and transportation facilities which would enable them to supply Ontario, Quebec, and even the West, with fresh fish; encouragement should be given Agriculture by the establishment and maintenance of permanent highways to aid in transporting products to market; a permanent Tariff Commission would be organized to ascertain facts as to industrial conditions and cost of production and to give advice as to conclusions from the facts so obtained. "We propose also to extend that reform of the Civil Service which the late Administration carried out, in part, upon our initiative. So far as trade relations are concerned we believe that the true idea of Reciprocity can be found within the vast dominions of this Empire, with its wonderful variety of natural and other products which can be exchanged to the mutual advantage of all." Relations with Great Britain and the United States were further dealt with:

Canada is an autonomous nation within the British Empire and is closely and inseparably united to that Empire by ties of kinship, of sentiment, and of fealty, by historic association and tradition, by the character of its institutions, and by the free will of its people. By like ties of kinship, by constant social and commercial intercourse, by proximity and mutual respect, and good-will, this country is closely associated with the United States. Canada's voice and influence should always be for harmony and not for discord between our Empire and the great Republic and I believe that she will always be a bond of abiding friendship between them.

Many delegations waited upon the Premier at Halifax and a Luncheon was given in his honour by the local Canadian Club. Mr. Borden received the Premier of British Columbia, Hon. W. J. Bowser, and Hon. W. R. Ross, on Nov. 7th and discussed the long-urged better financial terms for the Province, the Oriental immigration question, and a settlement of various minor issues between the Province and the Dominion. He conferred with the Premier of Manitoba and Hon. C. H. Campbell, on Nov. 17th, as to the Boundary affair; received a delegation regarding the Georgian Bay Canal project on the 22nd and another, on the following day, as to the creation of a Federal square or district in Toronto; on the 22nd, also, came representatives of the iron and steel interests who urged the granting of a bounty upon pigiron as a partial compensation for the disabilities under which the industry is placed through the lowering of duties, exemptions, and discriminations," and asking for an investigation of the whole question and the industry in general by the proposed Tariff Commission. On Nov. 24, with Mr. White and other Ministers, he heard a Farmer's Bank deputation and the demand for a Royal Commission of Inquiry into that case; on the same

66