-Amount of specie in the South at the commencement of the war.-Principal

measures of Confederate finance.-How the Southern banks became involved.—

Practical results of their loan to the Government.-" Making money by machinery."

-Sales of Confederate bonds.-Special occasions for this investment.-Unequal to

relieve the currency.-Rates of depreciation of the Confederate money.-Rich-

mond, the centre of finance and trade.-Gold not a measure of value in the

Confederacy.-Reasons for its extraordinary appreciation there.-Comparison of

Confederate money with the Continental currency in the Revolution of 1776.-

Two capital causes of the depreciation of the Confederate money.-The influence

of speculation.-How the engrossers managed in Richmond.-Summary of the

mismanagement of the Confederate finances...

CHAPTER XX V I.

415

The new attempt upon Fort Sumter and Charleston.-Gen. Gillmore's command.--His

plan of operations.-What was proposed by the reduction of the works on Morris

Island. A base of operations on Folly Island.—How Gen. Beauregard was blinded

and deceived.-Forty-seven guns of the enemy unmasked.-The assault on Fort

Wagner.-Gallantry of a Connecticut regiment. The assault repulsed.—Gen.

Beauregard's plans.-His object in holding Morris Island.-Second assault on Fort

Wagner in conjunction with Dahlgren's fleet.-The bombardment of Fort Wagner.

-Profound and significant silence of the garrison.—Advance of the storming

column. Its repulse.-Terrible scenes of carnage.-Siege operations.-Appeals to

the South Carolina planters, and their indifference.-Gillmore prepares to bombard

and destroy Charleston.-" The Greek Fire."-"The Swamp Angel."—Gillmore's

notice of bombardment.-Sharp and memorable reply of Gen. Beauregard.—

Cowardly rejoicings in the North.-The bombardment a failure.-Attempted

demolition of Fort Sumter.-How far the fort was injured by the bombardment.—

Gillmore announces its reduction.-The announcement false and absurd.-Pro-

gress of the siege operations against Fort Wagner.-A terrific fire opened upon

it. Surpassing grandeur of the scene.-Gillmore plans another assault upon the

fort. The Confederates evacuate it and Morris Island.—What Gen. Beauregard

accomplished by the retention of Morris Island for two months.-The Island not

the key to Charleston.-Admiral Dahlgren refuses to ascend the harbour with his

iron-clads.—He summons Fort Sumter to surrender.-Beauregard's reply.—A

boat-attack on the Fort.-Its disastrous repulse.-The enemy's operations against

Charleston degenerate into a chronic and fruitless bombardment.-Disappoint-

ment in the North.....

429

CHAPTER XXVII.

General Joseph E. Johnston's prophecy of the fate of Tennessee.-Character and ex-

traordinary foresight of this commander.-How Tennessee was sacrificed to the

attempted defence of Vicksburg.-Bragg's army flanked at Hoover's Gap.-It

commences a retreat to Chattanooga.-Expedition of John Morgan.-How it

affected the Western campaign and embarrassed Burnside.-Morgan's circuit

through Kentucky, Indiana, and Ohio.-What he accomplished.-His anxiety for

retreat. Cut off on the Ohio River.-Terrible scenes in the attempt to swim the

river.-Capture of Morgan and the bulk of his command.-Cruel and infamous

treatment of the distinguished captive and his officers.-Surrender of Cumberland

Gap.-President Davis' commentary on this event.-Recoil of serious charges upon

the Richmond administration.-Burnside's invasion of East Tennessee.-Gen.

Frazier in command at Cumberland Gap.-His correspondence with Gen. Buckner.

The defences of the Gap imperfect.-Insufficiency of the garrison.-Why Gen.

Frazier surrendered it.-Two lines of operations now opened against Chattanooga.

-The Battle of Chickamauga.-Topography of the country around Chattanooga.—

Movements of Rosecrans.-He threatens a flank movement towards Rome.-The

Confederates evacuate Chattanooga.—Bragg's new line from Lee's and Gordon's Mills

to Lafayette.-Longstreet's corps on the way from Virginia to reinforce him

Rosecrans pursues the Confederates, and exposes himself in detail. The lost

opportunity in M'Lenore's Cove.-Lines of Rosecrans' advance.-Bragg resolves

to advance and attack him.-Arrival of Longstreet with five brigades.-The

enemy anticipates a flank movement by Bragg.-A severe encounter.-Cleburne's

gallant charge.-The Confederate plan of battle for the next day.-Gen. Polk to

open the action.-A strange delay.-A singular breakfast scene.-Gen. Bragg

furious. The Confederate right wing beaten back.-Critical condition of the

field.-Longstreet's attack.-He saves the day.-The enemy utterly routed.—

Chickamauga á brilliant but unproductive victory...

CHAPTER XXVIII.

439

Conference of Gens. Bragg and Longstreet the day after the battle of Chickamauga.

-Longstreet's plan of campaign north of the Tennessee River.-Why Gen. Bragg

declined it. His investment of Chattanooga.-He cuts off the enemy's supplies.

-He hopes to starve the garrison into surrender.-Reorganization of the Federal

armies in the west.-Gen. Grant's new and large command.--His first task to

relieve Thomas in Chattanooga.-His successful lodgment on the south side of the

Tennessee River.-Surprise of Longstreet.-The Confederates retreat to Lookout

Mountain.-Longstreet makes a night attack on the enemy's new position, but is

repulsed.--The enemy accomplishes the relief of Chattanooga.-Detachment of

Longstreet from Bragg's front to operate against Knoxville.-This unfortunate

movement the work of President Davis.-Military pragmatism and vanity of the

Confederate president.-Grant determines to take the offensive.-The Battle of

Missionary Ridge.--Extraordinary strength of the Confederate position.-Two at-

tacks repulsed.-General advance of the Federal lines to the crest of Missionary

Ridge. Audacity of the movement.-Bad conduct of the Confederate troops.-A

shameful panic.--Causes of the extraordinary misconduct of Bragg's army.-It

falls back to Dalton.-Longstreet's expedition against Knoxville.-His pursuit of

Burnside. His unsuccessful assault on Fort Sanders at Knoxville.-He retreats to

Rogersville, is cut off from Virginia, and spends the winter in North-eastern Ten-

nessee. Operations in Virginia in the Fall of 1863.-Lee attempts to flank Meade

and get between him and Washington.-An extraordinary adventure of Stuart's

cavalry.-Meade retreats to and beyond Bull Run.--Failure of Lee's flank move-

ment.-Incidents of success for the Confederates.-Lee retires to the Rappahan-

nock.-Affair of Rappahannock Bridge.--Affair of Germania Ford.-Desultory

operations between Lee's lines and East Tennessee.-Averill's raid.--Close of the

campaign of 1863 in Virginia..
453

CHAPTER XXIX.

Effect of the Federal successes of 1863 on the Northern elections.-Estimate in the

Richmond newspapers of the Democratic alliance in the North.-Losses of the

Democratic party in the elections of 1863.-President Lincoln's triumph.-His

administration strengthened.-It ventures to new lengths.-Arrest of Mr. Val-

landigham.-Protests of the Democratic Party.-Their worthless and ridiculous

character.-New and vigorous measures of war at Washington.-Scarcity of men

and of food, the two concerns at Richmond.-Meagre results of the Conscription

law. An alarming statement from the Confederate Secretary of War.-Diminution

of subsistence in the Confederacy.-Suffering among the people and army.-His-

tory of the Confederate commissariat.-Report of the meat supplies in the Con-

federacy in January, 1862.-Effect of the campaigns in Kentucky and Tennessee on

the question of subsistence.-Proposition to get meat through the enemy's lines.

-Obstinate objections of President Davis.-His mania about cotton.-The Con-

federate States drained of meat in the second year of the war.-Statement of

Commissary Northrop.-Attempt to get supplies through the blockade.-How

mismanaged.-The Crenshaw contract.-Small yield of impressments.-The whole

Confederate policy of subsistence a failure.-An extraordinary device of Secretary

Seddon.-How it played into the hands of speculators.-Reflection upon the want

of the commercial or business faculty in the Southern mind.-A stock of childish

expedients....
464

CHAPTER XXX.

A train of Confederate successes in the beginning of 1864.—The Battle of Ocean Pond.—

Gen. Seymour's expedition into Florida -Its defeat and complete disaster.-

Sherman's expedition in the Southwest.-His first experiment of "the moveable

column."-His designs upon Mobile and the Confederate lines in North Georgia.—

The co-operating column of cavalry.-Gen. Polk evacuates Meridian, and falls

back to Demopolis.-Forrest defeats the Federal cavalry.-Disastrous and dis-

graceful conclusion of Sherman's adventure.-The Red River expedition.-Gen.

Banks' designs upon Texas. - The Confederate commands in the Trans-Mississippi.

-The federal advance up Red River.-The Confederates fall back towards

Shreveport.-Battle of Mansfield.—How the action was brought on.--Rout of the

enemy. Singular scenes on the pursuit.-Battle of Pleasant Hill.-An unfortunate

mistake of orders.-Churchill's corps panic-stricken.-Gen. Walker holds the

field. The enemy continues his retreat to Alexandria.-His march a career of

unparalleled cowardice and crime.-Large spoils of the Confederates.-The ex-

tent of Banks' disaster.-Termination of his vision of empire west of the Missis-

sippi.-Forrest's expedition up the Mississippi.-Capture of Fort Pillow.-Hoke's

operations on the North Carolina coast.-Comparative unimportance of these Con-

federate successes.—The raid of Ulric Dahlgren.-The parts of Custer and Kil-

patrick.-Failure and ludicrous cowardice of the several expeditions.-Dahlgren's

atrocious designs.-He retreats, and is chased by Pollard.-Manner of his death.

-Discovery of "the Dahlgren papers."-Sensation in Richmond.-President Davis'

melodrama.-Statement of Edward W. Halbach in relation to the "Dahlgren pa-

pers." The papers first found by the schoolboy Littlepage.-How transmitted to

Richmond. The theory of forgery.-Its utter absurdity....
490

CHAPTER XXXI.

Opening of the great spring campaign of 1864.-Explanation of renewed confidence in Rich-

mond.-Prospect for the Confederates in the Presidential contest of 1864.-A new

theory of peace.-Value of endurance.-The mission of Messrs. Holcombe, Clay, and

Thompson.-They leave Wilmington when the campaign on the Rapidan opens.—

U. S. Grant appointed Lieutenant-General of the Federal armies.-Character of

Grant.-Compared with Buell.-Gen. Grant's low and gross conception of war.-

The Federal Government prepares an army organization of one million of men.—

Distribution of the Federal forces in Virginia.-Strength of the Army of the Po-

tomac.--Position and numbers of Gen. Lee.-His great anxiety.-Appeal of Con-

federate women.-The battles of the Wilderness.-Grant crosses the Rapidan.—

Lee springs upon his flank.-Attack of Ewell and Hill.-The Confederate line

broken.-Gordon's splendid charge.-Gallant conduct of Pegram's and Hays' di-

visions.-Night attack of the enemy.-The second day's battle.-Hill's corps

broken.-Longstreet comes up and turns the fortunes of the day.-He is shot

down by his own men.-Gen. Lee offers to lead a charge.-Touching remons-

trances of the men.-The Confederate attack withdrawn.--Results of the day.-

Gordon's night attack.-Grant's whole army on the verge of rout.-His immense

losses.-Movements of the two armies to Spottsylvania Court-house.-Masterly

performance of Lee.-A melancholy episode to the campaign.-Sheridan's expedi-

tion.-Death of Gen. Stuart.-Battles of Spottsylvania Court-house.-Combat of

Anderson's corps.-The fighting on the 10th May.-The battle on the 12th.-A

salient of the Confederate line taken.--Great slaughter of the enemy.-Grant

confesses a failure, and waits six days for reinforcements.-Operations on the

south side of Richmond.-Grant's instructions to Butler.-Sigel's column in West-

ern Virginia, another part of the combination.-Butler's boastful despatch.-He

dares "The whole of Lee's army."-He is defeated by Beauregard, and his army

"bottled up."-Operations in the Kanawha and Shenandoah Valleys.-Signal de-

feat of Sigel.--Grant's combination broken down.-He moves to the North Anna

River. Is foiled again by Lee.-He crosses the Pamunkey River.-"The Pen-

insula" made the battle-ground again.-The sum of glory achieved by Lee's

army.-Statement as to Lee's reinforcements.-The Federal host held at bay by

an army of fifty thousand men.-Gaseous nonsense in New York about Grant's

generalship. His operations in May absurd and contemptible failures....... 507

CHAPTER X X X II.

Position of the armies around Richmond, June 1, 1864.-Manoeuvres for position.- .

Battle of Cold Harbour.--Easy repulse of the enemy.-Grant decides to cross the

river, and attempt the south side of Richmond.-Why Gen. Lee did not attempt

to attack him in the movement.-Battles of Petersburg.-Two attacks of the

enemy repulsed.-Butler advances his position, and is driven back.-Grant turns

his attention from the fortifications to the railroads.--Demonstrations on the

Weldon and Danville Roads.-Defeat of Sheridan's expedition on the railroads

north of Richmond.-Operations west of the Blue Ridge.-Hunter's movement.-

He captures Staunton.-He advances upon Lynchburg.-He is defeated, and driven

into Western Virginia.-Gen. John Morgan's expedition into Kentucky. Its disas

trous conclusion.-Particulars of the murder of Gen. Morgan in East Tennessee.—

Early's invasion of Maryland.-Daring of Gen. Lee.-What he proposed by send-

ing Early's column into the North.-Grant's preparations against this movement.—

Battle of Monocacy Bridge.-Defeat of "Lew" Wallace's command.-Early ad-

vances upon Washington.-Skirmish in front of Fort Stevens.-Early declines to

attack the Federal capital and retreats.-Questions as to the strength of Washing-

ton.-Results of Early's expedition.-Its effect on the armies operating around

Richmond.-The mine fiasco at Petersburg.-Three elements in the plan of attack.

-Description of the mine.-The explosion and a "feu d'Enfer."—The assaulting

column pauses in the crater.-Terrible scenes of carnage.-The miserable failure.

-Commentary of the New York "Times.".

526

CHAPTER XXXIII.

Sherman's campaign in Georgia the important correspondent of Grant's in Virginia.—

The "On to Richmond," and the "On to Atlanta," the two important movements

of 1864.-Sherman's demand of numbers.-Gen. Joseph E. Johnston's command.-

He proposes an offensive movement.-Is balked by Bragg at Richmond.-Statement

of Johnston's forces on 1st May.-Johnston's policy of retreat.-He proposes to

fight at Cassville; but is overruled by Hood and Hardee.-He crosses the Etowah.

-Engagement at New Hope Church.-Battle of Kenesaw Mountain.-Sherman's

ghastly experiment. He resorts to manoeuvring.-Johnston retires to Atlanta.-

The situation around Atlanta.--Defeat of Sturgis' column in North Mississippi.—

Johnston master of the situation.-Wonderful success of his retreat.--He holds

Sherman suspended for destruction.--Naval fight in Mobile Bay.--A match of 212

guns against 22.--How the gunboats Selma and Morgan fought the enemy.—

Gallant fight of the iron-clad Tennessee.-Surrender of the forts in the harbour.

-Little value of Farragut's conquest.-Excessive laudation of him in the North.

-Sinking of the Confederate privateer Alabama.-Review of the result of the

privateering service of the Confederates.-A glance at British “neutrality."-How

Earl Russell was bullied by the Washington Government.-The story of the Lairds'

rams.--Cruise of the Alabama.-Why she fought the Kearsarge off the French

coast.-Capt. Semmes' motives for a naval duel.-The Alabama sinking.-The

Federal vessel sends no relief.-Mr. Seward's little remark about "pirates."—

Discovery of concealed armour on the Kearsarge.-How the Richmond editors

would have treated Capt. Winslow.-A curious annecdote of Admiral Farra-

gut.-Capture of the privateer Florida.-The exploit of Napoleon Collins in a

neutral port. He attempts to sink and then steals the Confederate vessel.-The

New York Herald and "The pages of History."-Invasion of Missouri by Gen.

Price.-How and why it failed.-The Trans-Mississippi sunk out of sight in the

War......
539

CHAPTER XXXIV.

The Presidential canvass of 1864 in the North.-Its relations to the military campaign.

-Review of parties in the North.-A general distinction founded on two

questions. Composition of the party opposing Mr. Lincoln's administration.-The

doctrines of the Black Republican party impossible to be defined.-How the Party

changed and shifted through the war.-Opinions of Mr. Webster and Mr. Clay.-

Modern verification of Mr. Clay's charge of "amalgamation."-Policy of the Black

Republican party at the beginning of the war.-Mr. Lincoln's instincts of unwor-

thiness. How the Peace party in the North made the first false step.-Growth

of the power of Lincoln's administration.-Its measures of terrour.-Moderation

of the Confederacy towards "Union men " and dissentients.-Some account of

arrests in the North.-Lincoln's detective system.-Comparative impossibility of

maintaining an Opposition party in the North.-Infamous conduct of "War

Democrats."-The Conservative phalanx in the Congress at Washington.-A

record of its votes.-Reassurance of the Conservative party in 1864.--The party

issues of 1864, with reference to "reconstruction."-Convention of the Govern-

ment party at Baltimore.-Its "platform."-Pretermission of the condition of

State abolition of slavery.-How this condition was afterwards inserted.-Mr.

Lincoln's rescript, "To whom it may concern."-History of the Niagara Falls com-

mission.-How Mr. Lincoln's passport was made a political card.-Democratic