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what he utters, as he does in his habits of common conversation,- making no difference in the two cases save that which arises of necessity from the more regular form of written sentences."— -Russell.

The note to which the cadence falls, and the space through which it descends, are dependent on the emotion with which the sentiment should be uttered, or on the length and complication of the sentence. In strong emotion, the cadence is often both abrupt and low; thus,

as

"Let us do, or die.”—

"Redeem my pennon - charge again!

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In gentle emotion, the cadence is gradual and moderate;

"How sweet the moonlight sleeps upon this bank."

Shakespeare.

In short sentences, in which emotion is not so strongly expressed, the fall is slight; as,

"Night brings out stars, as sorrow shows us truth."

Gerald Massey.

In long sentences, the fall is more obvious, and commences farther from the close; as,

"Where sorrow 's held intrusive, and turned out,

There wisdom will not enter, nor true power,

Nor aught that dignifies humanity." - Henry Taylor.

The usual errors in cadence are,

First: Delaying the fall of the voice till the last words of the sentence, and dropping at once from a preceding uniform tone, -a fault arising from the habit of reading with mechanical attention to the words, instead of an intelligent observation of the meaning. It is the tone used by children, while the difficulty of reading still remains, or when reading what they do not understand.

Second: Falling very low on the closing phrase, -a fault usually contracted by reading only grave and formal selections, the solemnity of style in which is unnatural to the tones of youth. The usual standard inadvertently adopted is that which too often is heard from the pulpit; the effect of this is to substitute a heavy and hollow-sounding close, bearing for the true and varied tone of meaning, a measured proportion to the preceding parts of a sentence. This cadence, especially inappropriate in young readers, should be avoided by care in the selection of exercises for practice, and after directing atten ion to the nature of the sentiment, adapting the

voice to the meaning and not to the daily routine of mechanical utterance.

Third:-Falling too near the beginning of the sentence, a fault arising from the babit of attending to the language rather than to the thought, from the wrong impression that there must necessarily be a fall at the close of every sentence, and, perhaps, too, from a mistake in taste by which the young reader is led to imagine that there is something pleasing to the ear, in a regular and formal descent of the voice. This tone is unavoidably associated with a pedantic manner; it must be avoided by keeping the voice in the same strain of expression which should be observed in conversation. Fourth-Using a waving tone of voice, which makes a false emphasis near the close, an error often heard at declamatory exhibitions at schools and colleges. This fault would be avoided by observing the true emphasis of meaning instead of an arbitrary emphasis of sound.

Fifth-A gradual sliding downward from the beginning of the sentence, and a diminishing of the force of the voice, the speaker commencing every sentence on a comparatively high note, and with a moderate degree of force, but the pitch gradually falling and the loudness gradually diminishing in the progress of the sentence, till the tone has nearly died away at the close. These faults originate in the habits contracted in childhood, from the unnatural attempt to read too loud, or in too large a room, thus making an effort which the powers of the voice were then incapable of sustaining.

"This objectionable tone would, like all others, be removed by the habit of attending to the meaning of what is read or spoken, more than to the phraseology. Written sentences differ from those of conversation chiefly in their inversion; the most forcible and expressive phrases being generally last in order. This arrangement favors strength of style in composition; but it needs a sustained and regularly increased force of voice, to give it just utterance. In good reading, accordingly, the tone strengthens progressively in a sentence, especially if long or complex: whilst in feeble and unimpressive reading, the voice is gradually dwindling when the language requires increasing energy.

"This sinking cadence arises also from the mechanical habit of attending to sentences as such, and not to their value, or their connection in signification. When two sentences are connected in meaning, the latter, if appropriately read, commences on the low note used at the close of the former. The unity of sound thus produced, gives the sentences a unity to the ear. The rising of the voice to a new pitch, at the opening of a new sentence, indicates by the change of note, a change of meaning, or a transition to a new and different thought. The uniform recurrence of a high pitch at the beginning of every sentence, has thus the effect of destroying the natural connection of thought, and of obscuring or changing the sense. It is a clear conception of the meaning, on which the learner is to depend as the only guide to appropriate cadence." Russell.

The frequent repetition or constant recurrence of any one of the preceding errors produces a disagreeable uniformity, which implies all the disadvantages of each single fault, aggravated by perpetual reiteration.

Illustrations of Partial and Distinct Cadence.

"The Spirit of God yet causes men to hope that a world will come, the better one they call it, perhaps they might more wisely call it the real one. Also I hear them continually speak of going to it, rather than of its coming to them, which again is strange; for in that prayer which they had strait from the lips of the Life of the world, there is not anything about going to another world, only something of another world coming into this, or rather not another, but the only government, that government which will constitute a world indeed, new heavens and a new earth. Earth no more without form and void but sown with fruits of righteousness; Firmament no more of passing cloud, but of cloud risen out of the crystal sea; cloud in which, as He was once received up, so He shall again come with power."— Ruskin.

“The Ideal is ever near us, underlying the Actual, as the spirit does its body, exhibiting itself step by step, through all the falsehoods and confusions of history and society, giving life to all which is not falsehood and decay.

"It was a true vision which John Bunyan saw, and one which as the visions of wise men are wont to do, meant far more than the seer fancied, when he beheld in his dream that there was indeed a Land of Beulah, and Arcadian Shepherd Paradise, on whose mountain-tops the everlasting sunshine lay; but that the way to it went past the mouth of Hell, and through the Valley of the Shadow of Death."- Kingsley.

"Show me the man you honor, I know by that symptom, better than by any other, what kind of a man you yourself are. For you show me there what your ideal of manhood is; what kind of man you long inexpressibly to be."- Carlyle

"Know Reverence is the bond for man
With all of best his eyes discern:
Gove teaches more than Doctrine can,
And no pure Hope will vainly yearn."

P

SEXTON'S DAUGHTER.- Sterling.

"From our free heritage of will,

The bitter springs of pain and ill
Here and hereafter flow. The perfect day
Of God is shadowless, and love is love alway."

TENT ON THE BEACH.- Whittier.

"God's justice is a bed where we

Our anxious hearts may lay,

And weary with ourselves, may sleep
Our discontent away.

For right is right, since God is God;
And right the day must win;

To doubt would be disloyalty,

To falter would be sin!"- Faber.

"Think not the Faith by which the just shall live Is a dead creed, a map correct of Heaven, Far less a feeling fond and fugitive,

A thoughtless gift withdrawn as soon as given; It is an affirmation and an act

That bids eternal truth be present fact."

Hartley Coleridge.

"I have seen

A curious child, who dwelt upon a tract
Of inland ground, applying to his ear
The convolutions of a smooth-lipped shell,
To which, in silence hushed, his very soul
Listened intensely, and his countenance soon
Brightened with joy; for, murmuring from within,
Were heard sonorous cadences, whereby

To his belief the monitor expressed
Mysterious union with its native sea.
Even such a shell the universe itself

Is to the ear of Faith."

THE EXCURSION.- Wordsworth.

"Let each man think himself an act of God,
His mind a thought, his life a breath of God;
And let each try, by great thoughts and good deeds,
To show the most of Heaven he hath in him."

FESTUS. Bailey.

"My fairest child, I have no song to give you; No lark could pipe 'o skies so dull and gray:

Yet, ere we part, one lesson I can leave you
For every day.

"Be good, sweet maid, and let who will be clever;
Do noble things, not dream them, all day long:
And so make life, death, and that vast for-ever

One grand, sweet song."-A FAREWELL.- Kingsley.

"Learn, by a mortal yearning, to ascend,—
Towards a higher object. Love was given,
Encouraged, sanctioned, chiefly for that end;
For this the passion to excess was driven,
That self might be annulled her bondage prove
The fetters of a dream, opposed to love."

LAODAMIA. Wordsworth.

"Life's more than breath and the quick round of blood;
It's a great spirit and a busy heart.

The coward and the small in soul scarce do live.
One generous feeling-one great thought-one deed
Of good, ere night, would make life longer seem
Than if each year might number a thousand days,—
Spent as is this by nations of mankind.

We live in deeds, not years; in thoughts, not breaths;
In feelings, not in figures on a dial.

We should count time by heart-throbs.

He most lives

Who thinks most-feels the noblest acts the best.

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Life's but a means unto an end-that end,

Beginning, mean, and end to all things - God "

"Alas for him who never sees

FESTUS. Bailey

The stars shine through his cypress-trees!
Who, helpless lays his dead away,

Nor looks to see the breaking day

Across the mournful marbles play!

Who hath not learned, in hours of faith,

The truth to flesh and sense unknown,

That Life is ever Lord of Death,

And Love can never lose its own!"

SNOW-BOUND.- Whittier.

"To me it seems we best remember Him
By prizing, loving all the things He gives

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