uations or at school; " but this brief epitome been taken to the free land and helped tells nothing of the transition from physical and mental anguish to physical and mental well-being, of the change from homeless wanderings in the clammy city fog, amid the multitudinous roar of a life pitiless as the God Moloch, to absolute security from want beside the red glow of one's own hearth fire, where the God preached by Christianity does not seem so far away. Sometimes the newcomer is sent to the railroad camp; sometimes to the lumber gangs; often, very often, to learn the methods of the new country by hiring with a Canadian farmer; but always the aim of the army is to put the man on his own land, beside his own inglenook, free of debt. When the colonist has no money, he is, of course, conducted to the free land areas, where the $10 registration fees and three years of homestead duties secure him title to 160 acres. When he has a little money, land can be bought at from $5 to $10 an acre; but nearly all the Salvation-Army colonists have choose good areas. Many colonists have se tled in slightly wooded sections, where the can build their first house without cost. Hi ing out with farmers in summer, with lun ber gangs in winter,-tides past the first yea and raises money to buy stock and impl ments. Wages paid run from $20 to $40 month with board; so that the beginning the second year usually sees the colonist wit a team of horses, a couple of cows, and suff cient seed to begin farming for himself. Bi wheat farms require too much capital for beginner; so that nearly all the army imm grants are engaged in mixed farming, whic is less chancey and always insures a livin spite of frost or drought. Once the man established in his own place work and so will do the rest, banishing forever the hur gry-eyed spectre,-Anxious Fright. So far no Salvation-Army colonists have fallen bac failures on the community for suppor Whether they will continue to make good,only time will tell. IN A LUMBER CAMP ON THE UPPER OTTAWA, WHERE ARMY COLONISTS FIND WORK. THE NEW CAMPAIGN FOR CIVIC BETTERMENT. THE PITTSBURG SURVEY OF SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CONDITIONS. BY PAUL U. KELLOGG. (Director of the Survey.) MUSEUM-GOERS, to the tire of their ical eras when Pittsburg's coal-fields were necks and the quickening of their in the making,-to another gallery where a mental faculties, have for generations great death calendar showed by grim red marched about plaster reproductions of the crosses the workmen killed in Allegheny Coliseum or the glorious hill of Athens. County in the course of industry in one year. These casts have brought back to London- The exhibits were not all iconoclastic. Many ers, New Yorkers, and Chicagoans,-wher- were constructive. There were pictures of ever the museum idea struck root,-the art the huge filter-beds of the five-and-a-halfand ampleness of form into which the spirit million dollar filtration plant which the city. of empire and of city-state were crystal- is throwing into operation in its spirited fight lized. During the past month one Ameri- for clean water; there were charts showing can city has reversed this process. It has the reduction in typhoid fever from 593 beld an exhibit which has presented a rigor- cases in October, 1907, to 96 cases in Octoous cross section of the civic standards the ber, 1908, and this after an epidemic of Community has thus far attained. It has put thirty-five years' standing. The house plans itself before itself and looked at itself fear- and general layout of some of the model mill lessly and without fooling. That city is towns which were shown set new standards Pittsburg. for industrial districts. PITTSBURG'S SELF-REVELATION. There is art in the lines and symmetry and weathered mellowness of a battered On November 16 last, Pittsburg threw Doric column. And just so there was inopen the doors of its most beautiful build- spiration and a sense of the forward drive of ng-Carnegie Institute,-to the unflatter- America in this imperfect, half-developed, ng confessional of photographic lens and life-reckless, struggling image of itself which death-rate chart. In rooms above the halls this town looked out upon. Admittedly there of architecture, with their gods from the was less of cultural grace in this civic exgables of the Parthenon, façades and arches hibit than in the classic plasters of the cusof the Renaissance, it showed the worst bar- tomary museum. But of the quickening new racks in the city-Tammany Hall and Yel- breadth of vision which grew out of the exlow Row (which have been torn down hibit (the tired necks mounted up into the through the instrumentality of the Bureau tens of thousands) there were many eviHealth).—and hundreds of other shacks dences. Civic reform became good copy for and lodgings which must go. The frescoed the newspapers. The Engineering Society corridor, where Mr. Alexander's heroic of Western Pennsylvania endeavored to paintings have spiritualized the steel mill and round up its full membership in attendance; industrial progress, led up to a hall where here was new work for the craft. Bishop there was a frieze 250 feet long, of little, Canevin came for fifteen minutes, stayed for crude silhouettes done with a stencil on cam- two hours and a half, and sent out a ringing bric. They stood, each one, for a man, message to his people to attend. City counwoman, or child who died last year in Pitts- cils, boards of trade, civic clubs, had separate burg of typhoid fever, and there was a sign evenings. Labor leaders went back to their which indicated that a jury of sanitarians locals and urged a grand turnout would hold the municipality responsible for Sunday; and heading the work up, a civic seven-ninths of these deaths. They were improvement commission was announced needless. You could go from the archeolog- by the Mayor, representative in membercal galleries, where the bones of the diplo- ship and, perhaps, broader in scope than docus and other prehistoric mammals were any hitherto commissioned in an American displayed.-relics leading back to the geolog- city. on a AN ERA OF CIVIC REFORM. The occasion of the Pittsburg Civic Exhibit was the joint convention in that city of the National Municipal League and the American Civic Association, which brought civic leaders and representatives of municipalities to Pittsburg from all parts of the country. A combination of events in the civic history of the city gave it special significance. In 1906 George W. Guthrie, a Democrat, was elected on an independent ticket as Mayor of Pittsburg; and for three years Pittsburg has had a reform administration comparable in many respects to the Low régime in New York, one which has brought relief and retrenchment after years of factional fighting within the Republican machine. In December, 1907, by a decision of the Supreme Court, Allegheny City was finally merged with Pittsburg, and the greater city now takes rank with Boston, St. Louis, Baltimore. Early in the fall the city celebrated its one hundred and fiftieth anniversary, and a street pageant stirred local pride and loyalty in its interpretation of the stages of progress from the blockhouse days of Washington's youth to Pittsburg's present leadership as a great industrial capital. The Civic Exhibit came, then, at a time when aggressive movements were asserting themselves in Pittsburg for the advancement of civic well-being, and to this end the city is in position to draw upon the body of facts collected throughout the past year and a half by what has been known as the Pittsburg Survey. This Survey is affording Pittsburg a first-hand inventory of civic and living conditions. A NATIONAL REFORMATORY AGENCY. The exhibit as a method for social reform is a modern invention. Perhaps the first compelling example of it in this country was the Tenement House Exhibit, which was opened by Governor Roosevelt in 1900 in New York, and through which the Tenement House Committee of the New York Charity Organization Society inaugurated the campaign which resulted in the creation of that new piece of municipal machinery, the Tenement-House Department. Balti more had the first of the tuberculosis exhibits in this country, which have developed so surprisingly into a series of traveling exhibits and into the great international show which has been exhibited during the past few months in Washington and in New York. Baltimore has had also a remarkable clear milk show; and sweated-industries exhibi have been held in Philadelphia, Chicago, an Boston. The Congestion Show in Ne York last spring gave graphic representatio to another vital phase of the municipal proł lem, as did the Taxpayers' Exhibit in mi fall in New York, which held departmenta and borough budgets up to critical analyse It will be seen that all of these exhibits ha to do each with a special problem or need It has been the distinction of the Pittsbur exhibit that it has been rather a reflectio of many phases of the city's status' and thu enabled the ordinary citizen to see the tow as a whole. The national significance of thi type of exhibit was immediately recognized The American Civic Association passed reso lutions urging that it be taken to other o the industrial cities; and requests have com in from Detroit, Chicago, and Cleveland The Bureaus of Health and Filtration, th Tuberculosis League, the Juvenile Court the Civic Club, the Playground Association Kingsley House, the new Associated Chari ties, the Architectural Club, and the Pitts burg chapter of the American Institute of Architects are some of the organization which put forward the needs of the city a they see them. More, the Pittsburg exhibit was made the means of focalizing upon one town the facts and preachments of several of the important movements to which I have already made reference. It was carried out under a Citizens' Reception and Entertainment Committee, of which Oliver McClintock, a business man of standing, was the head. but was organized under the direction of Benjamin C. Marsh, secretary of the Committee on Congestion of Population of New York. Point was given to the elaborate exhibit transferred by this committee to Pittsburg by maps showing those city blocks which have been built up solidly, comparable to the lower end of Manhattan. Charts and placards showed the meaning of the townplanning bill now before the British Parliament, and there were maps illustrating the activities of the Continental cities along these lines. Similarly, a large section of the New York Taxpayers' Exhibit was transferred to Carnegie Institute, by the Bureau of Municipal Research, and it is announced that hereafter, instead of lump-sum estimates, Pittsburg departmental chiefs will itemize their figures. Again, the New York City Club exhibit of traction was installed by John P. Fox. together with his notable private collection from European sources. This attracted noteworthy attention in connection with the present involved transit situation in Pittsburg. UNIQUE METHODS OF THE SURVEY. The central hall was given over to the exhibit of the Pittsburg Survey, which comprised seventeen sections and was organized by Frank E. Wing, associate director. The working plan of the Survey as a piece of interstate co-operation is, itself, interesting and the first of its kind for an American city. It has been called the Pittsburg Survey, not because its findings apply solely to Pittsburg, but because the Pennsylvania steel district has been the laboratory where the work has been done. The responsible organization initiating and carrying out the plan has been the Charities Publication Committee, a noncommercial board, which publishes Charities and The Commons, and is a constituent committee of the New York Charity Organization Society. The work has been financed by appropriations from the Russell Sage Foundation for the Improvement of Living Conditions. The undertaking has enlisted the co-operation of some of the foremost national leaders, East and West, in sanitary and civic work. A group of these experts were brought into Pittsburg in September, 1907, and made a quick diagnosis of the situation, on the basis of which a series of investigations was prosecuted throughout the year.* The exhibit offered an opportunity for bringing out in their local bearings certain. suggestive lines of inquiry. The Survey had the advantage, on the one hand, of being an independent impartial student of the situation; and on the other, of enlisting co-operation from settlement workers, sanitary inspectors, school teachers, probation officers, physicians, lawyers, claim agents, employers, and labor leaders. A series of large-size wall maps showed the physical problem underlying Pittsburg, administrative areas, and social institutions. Charts and diagrams analyzed the make-up of the wage-earning population and the sources of the immigrant labor *The first publication of the reports will be in three special numbers of Charities and The Commons, and, later, in a series of volumes issued by the Russell Sage Foundation. force, and there were a group of remarkable drawings in charcoal by Joseph Stella, and photographs by Lewis W. Hine, illustrating types of workers. By systems of cross hatchings, the spread of new dwellings over the urban district was shown on one hand; and on the other hand, the localization of those wards where disease and death rates are highest, and where that undertow of morbidity must be checked before the Pittsburg case rates get down to the level of cities of corresponding size and importance. There was a section on water, which gave the cost of typhoid fever for a period of one year to workingmen's families in six wards,-expenses for doctors' bills, nurses, ice, food, medicines, funerals, the most intensive analysis of disease costs yet made in this country. The total for 448 cases was $59,262.50. There were over 5000 cases last year. |