and has often employed the talents of the greatest masters in the art of painting. In Flanders, particularly at Arras (whence the term arras, signifying tapestry), durwg the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, ne art was practised with uncommon ; and tapestries were executed there fter the masterly designs of Raffaelle nis cartoons. (q. v.) This art was This art was troduced into England by William heldon, near the end of Henry VIII's reign. In 1619, a manufacture was established at Mortlake, in Surrey, by sir Fras. Crane, who received £2000 fron James I, to encourage the design. The first manufacture of tapestry at Paris was set up under Henry IV, in 1606 or 1607, by several artists whom that monarch invited from Flanders. But the most celebrated of all the European tapestry manufactures was that of the Gobelins (q. v.), instituted under Louis XIV, which sent forth very beautiful cloths, remarkable for strength, for elegance of design, and happy choice of colors. The finest paintings were copied, and eminent painters employed in making designs. For a long while Gobelin tapestry was the most costly and favorite method of hanging the walls of chambers. The texture of tapestry is in many respects similar to that of the finer carpetings; but the minuteness of the constituent parts causes the sight of the texture to be lost in the general effect of the piece. (See Carpets, and Hautelisse.)

TAPEWORM, one of the most stubborn worms which infest the bowels of beasts, and also of man, has its name from the broad, flat, ribbon-like appearance of each articulation and of the whole body, which is composed of these articulations. Bremser makes two species-tania and bothryocephalus—both of which were formerly united in one species, under the name of tania. One kind of both species appears in the human body; namely, 1. tænia solium, the single or longlimbed chainworm, in which the organs of generation are found on one side of every articulation; it is the kind most commonly met with in Germany, France and England; 2. bothryocephalus latus, the proper or broad tapeworm, in which the sexual organs are found on the flat side of the articulations. It is met with only in Russia, Poland, Switzerland, and some parts of France, and causes little pain. Both kinds often reach the length of twenty or thirty feet, and usually only detached parts pass from the body, but not that which has the head; before this

has passed away, the worm reproduces itself, and, moreover, what was formerly doubted, several tapeworms are often met with in one intestinal canal. The symptoms of the tapeworm are a peculiar, sudden sensation of pricking in the stomach, oppression, and undulatory motions in the abdomen, anxiety, cramps, swoons, &c. but all these symptoms are uncertain, and only the actual passing of pieces of the worm from the body is a certain proof of its existence. The cure is difficult, and requires an experienced physician. TAPIOCA. (See Manioc.)

TAPIR. The American tapir, when full grown, is six feet in total length, and about three and a half in height. In general form it resembles the hog; but the legs are rather longer in proportion, and the nose is prolonged into a small movable proboscis. The fore feet have four toes, and the hind ones three only. The eyes are small and lateral, and the ears long and pointed; the skin thick, and covered with scattering, short, silky hairs; the tail short, and slightly hairy. The teeth resemble those of the horse. It is the largest animal of South America, and is found in all parts of that continent, though most abundant in Guiana, Brazil and Paraguay. It shuns the habitations of men, and leads a solitary life in the interior of the forests, in moist situations but selects for its abode a place somewhat elevated and dry. By travelling always the same rounds, it forms beaten paths, which are very conspicuous. It comes out only in the night, or during rainy weather, and resorts to the marshes. Its ordinary pace is a sort of trot; but it sometimes gallops, though awkwardly, and with the head down, and, besides, swims with facility. In the wild state, it lives on fruits and young branches of trees, but when domesticated, eats every kind of food. Though possessed of great strength, it makes use of it only for defence; and its disposition is mild and timid. The flesh is dry and disagreeably tasted; but the skin is very tough, and might be applied to useful purposes. The Indian tapir has only been discovered within a few years. It inhabits Sumatra, Malacca, and some of the surrounding countries. The colors are remarkable. The head, neck, feet and tail are black; the rest of the body and tip of the ears white.

TAPROBANA (with the ancients); the name of Ceylon.

TAR; a well known substance obtained chiefly from the pine by burning in a close, smothering heat. Some of the unctuous

species of bitumen are also called mineral tar. (See Bitumen.) The tar of the north of Europe is superior to that of the U. States, on account of the latter being prepared from dead wood, while the former is procured from trees recently felled. The mode practised in the Scandinavian peninsula is precisely that described by Theophrastus and Dioscorides, as in use in ancient Greece. A conical cavity is made in the ground, with a castiron pan at bottom, from which leads a funnel. The billets of wood are thrown into this cavity, and, being covered with turf, are slowly burnt without flame. The tar which exudes during combustion is conducted off through the funnel abovementioned into barrels, which are immediately bunged, and fit for exportation.

TAR RIVER. (See Pamlico.)
TARANTULA. (See Appendix.)

TARE is an allowance for the outside package, that contains such goods as cannot be unpacked without detriment; or for the papers, threads, bands, &c., that enclose or bind any goods imported loose, or which, though imported in casks, chests, &c., yet cannot be unpacked, and weighed net.

TARENTUM (Tapas); an old Greek colony in Lower Italy, founded by Lacedæmonian Parthenii, 700 B. C. It was one of the most flourishing and powerful cities of Magna Græcia, and for a long time defended its freedom against the attacks of the Romans. It was also distinguished for luxury and splendor. Pythagoras found many disciples here, and the fine arts were encouraged. Archytas, a mathematician, was a Tarentine. The city was taken by the Romans B. C. 272. The harbor of the modern Taranto is choked up with sand; but the place has some trade, and a population of 14,000 souls. Marshal Macdonald received his title of duke of Tarentum from this place.

TARENTUM, DUKE OF. (See Macdonald.) TARGUM (interpretation, translation); a Chaldee version of the Old Testament. After the Babylonish captivity, the ancient Hebrew had gradually become unintelligible to the common people (see Hebrew Language, and Jews); and it therefore became necessary to read or explain the Scriptures in the synagogues in the vulgar language of the country. The oldest Targum is that of Onkelos, which comprises only the pentateuch; the second, or that of Jonathan, is a version of the prophets. These are supposed to have been written about the time of our

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Savior. The third targum is also a ver sion, or rather a paraphrase of the law, accompanied with many glosses and fables. The fourth, likewise of the law, is called the "Jerusalem targum," because it is in the Syro-Chaldaic language, which was spoken at Jerusalem. The fifth is a paraphrase of the megilloth (Ruth, Esther, Ecclesiastes, Solomon's Song, Lamentations); the sixth, of Esther; the seventh, of Job, the Psalms and Proverbs; and the eighth, of the Chronicles. These six are of later origin and less value than the two first mentioned. Several of the targums are contained in the polyglot Bibles. (See Polyglot.)

TARIFF, OF TARIF; first a list of certain merchandises; then a list of duties on imports and exports. This word, like many others used in commerce, is derived from the Italian, in which it is tariffa; this again comes, like several other expressions relating to commerce or navigation, from the East. In Persian, it is tarif. In Arabian, the verb arf signifies to know which in the second form becomes tarif signifying to make known. The substantive derived from the verb therefore signifies notification.

TARLETON, general, is the son of a merchant of Liverpool, into whose counting-house he was introduced; but a regiment being raised in that town, Mr. Tarleton quitted the pen for the sword, and took a commission in that regiment, in which he soon rose to the rank of captain. In America, he very much distinguished himself by his courage, and was allowed to raise a corps of horse and foot, called a legion. He then obtained the rank of lieutenant-colonel. In this capacity he distinguished himself for his intrepidity as a partisan; but a defeat which he met with from the American general Sumter, did not speak much in favor of his talents as a general. On his return, he published a History of the Campaign in the Southern Provinces of America, in which he endeavored to justify his conduct. At the peace, he went on half-pay. He had, however, the good fortune to be introduced to, and favored with the confidence of, the heir-apparent, of whom he was, for some time, a constant com panion. He also, by the interest of his family, obtained a seat in parliament, for his native place, Liverpool, and while in the house, he warmly entered into the opposition, with whom the prince then acted. While a member, he published a Speech intended to have been spoken ; and, in 1810, a Speech, which h

speak. He has risen regularly in the army to the rank of general. and to the command of the eighth regiment of dragoons, and to be governor of Berwick, General Tarleton married a lady of the Bertie family, which has connected him with the houses of Cholmondeley and Salisbury.

TARN; a department of France. (See Department.)

TARN ET GARONNE; a department of France. (See Department."

TAROC; a game at cards, perhaps the most interesting, but also the most difficult. It is played with seventy-eight cards, and derives its name from the twenty-two trumps or tarocs in it, the most important of which is the excuse. If cards, as is said, are an invention of the Arabians, and carried by them to Spain, or by the crusaders to Italy, &c., the French and German cards, and the games founded on them, must be explained from national customs; but the taroc would seem to have remained in a great degree faithful to its Oriental origin. The difference between the taroc-cards and the common French consists in those twenty-two tarocs and four others, between the queen and knave, called cavals. TARPAWLING; a broad piece of canvass, well daubed with tar, and used to cover the hatchways of a ship at sea, to Prevent the penetration of the rain or sea-water which may at times rush over the decks.

TARPEIA, the daughter of Tarpeius, the governor of the citadel of Rome, promused to open the gates of the city to the Sabines, provided they gave her their gold bracelets, or, as she expressed it, what they carried on their left hands. The Sabines consented, and, as they entered the gates, threw not only their bracelets, but their shields, upon Tarpeia, who was crushed under the weight. She was buried in the capitol, which, from her, was called the Tarpeian rock; and there Roman malefactors were afterwards thrown down a deep precipice.

TARQUINIUS, Lucius, surnamed Priscus, or the Elder, fifth king of Rome, was the son of a merchant of Corinth, who settled at Tarquinii, in Etruria. His wife, Tanaquil, urged him to repair to Rome, where he ingratiated himself both with the king Ancus Martius and the people; and the former conferred on him the guardianship of his two sons. These he superseded on their father's death, and procured the suffrages of the people for himself. His first step was to admit two hundred plebeians

into the senate; after which he engaged in a war with the Latins, and, having finally defeated a confederacy between thein and the cataes and Etrurians, obliged them to sue for peace. For this success, he was honored with a triumph and ne employea the spoils of war in erecting the Curcus Maximus. (See Circus) A confederacy of all the Etrurian tribes against the Romans followed, which, after a war of nine years' duration, terminated in the Etrurians acknowledging him for their sovereign. Tarquin enclosed the city with walls, and constructed those celebrated sewers, which, even at the summit of the Roman splendor, were viewed with admiration. (See Cloaca.) A new war breaking out with the Sabines, he obliged them to purchase peace by the surrender of all their fortresses. Tarquin, who had vowed a temple to Jupiter, Juno and Minerva, now commenced it on the Tarpeian rock, and thus founded the principal seat of the Roman religion. (See Capitol.) He had reached his eightieth year, when the sons of Ancus procured his assassination (B. C. 576). Tanaquil kept his death a secret until the succession was secured to her son-in-law.-Servius Tullius Tarquinius, named Superbus, or the Proud, is supposed to have been grandson to Tarquinius Priscus. Servius Tullius married his two daughters to the brothers Aruns and Tarquin; the latter of whom was violent and ambitious, while his brother was mild and unaspiring. Their characters were reversed in their respective wives. The tragical deaths of Aruns and the wife of Tarquin, and a criminal union between the latter and his sister-in-law Tullia, followed, and, finally, the murder of Servius, and the accession of Tarquin to the sovereignty, B. C. 534. He supported his usurpation by a band of foreign mercenaries; many of the senators went into banishment, and the plebeians found the yoke press as hardly on themselves. He undertook a war against the Volscians, as also against the Sabines, and was victorious in both instances. Returning to Rome, he twice triumphed, and employed the idle populace in finishing the great circus and sewers commenced by his grandfather. It was in the reign of this Tarquin that the Sibylline books were brought to Rome, where they were for many years resorted to for the purposes of superstition or state policy. Brutus (q. v.), taking advantage of the anger of the people by the unhappy fate of Lucretia (q. v.), procured a decree for the banishment of Tarquin and his song and the king, at

its affinity to water, it is not easily crystallized, but, by a slow evaporation, affords four-sided prisms. It is deliquescent in a humid atmosphere, and very soluble in water, whence its name, also, of soluble tartar. Tartrate of soda is soluble and crystallizable. A triple salt, the tartrate of potash and soda, formerly named Rochelle salt, is formed by neutralizing the excess of acid in the super-tartrate of potash, by adding carbonate of soda. It crystallizes in rhomboidal prisms, soluble in five parts of water. Tartaric acid acts on some of the metals, and it may be combined with the oxides of all of them by double affinity. By employing the bitartrate of potash to act on these oxides, ternary compounds are obtained. The most important of these is that formed with the oxide of antimony. It has long been known, in medical practice, under the name of tartar emetic, as one of the mildest and most manageable of the antimonial preparations. It is prepared by boiling three parts of the brown oxide (obtained by deflagrating sulphuret of antimony with nitre) with four parts of bitartrate of potash in 32 parts of water for half an hour: the solution, when strained, is set aside to crystallize.

TARTARUS, in the earliest mythology of the Greeks; the kingdom of the dead, the infernal regions in general, or the realm of the subterranean Jupiter-Pluto. (See Cemetery.) At a later period, it was limited to that part of the infernal regions in which the Titans and the damned were confined. It was represented as a dark and gloomy region, surrounded by a triple wall, and encircled by the fiery river Phlegethon, Cocytus, the stream of lamentation, and Acheron. We find a description of Tartarus in Hesiod, one of the earliest Greek poets; and Virgil (En. vi, 577) paints the horrors of the place. Here lay the monstrous Tityos (who attempted to violate Latona), stretching over nine acres, while two vultures incessantly gnawed his liver; here Sisyphus rolled a ponderous stone; Ixion revolved on his wheel; Tantalus was tormented with inextinguishable hunger and thirst, and the Danaids toiled in vain to fill their sieves from the waters of the Lethe. (See, also, the article Hieroglyphics, division Egyptian Mythology.)

TARTARY, TARTARS. The old geographers divided the country of the Tartars into European or Little Tartary, and Asiatic or Great Tartary. The former comprised those countries round the Black sea which were inhabited by the Nogay

Tartars, and the Budshiac Tartars, r Bessarabians, and a part of the country between the Dnieper and the Dniester. But since these districts have been annexed to Russia (1784), the name has gone out of use; and they constitute the governments of Taurida (q. v.), Cherson (q. v.) and Ekaterinoslav, which contain several commercial cities, and, besides Tartars, have many Russian, Greek, German and Jewish colonists among their population. Asiatic Tartary, called, from its extent, Great Tartary, borders on the Asiatic provinces of Russia, on Persia, Thibet and the Chinese empire. The northern part (Dschagatai, or Zagatai, or Independent Tartary) contains extensive steppes, and is partly occupied by nomadic tribes, which are governed by separate khans (princes), and differ considerably in their character and manners: some of these khans are under the protection of Russia. The southern part is called Great Bucharia, in which, among other commercial cities, is Samarcand, once the residence of Timour. Little Bucharia is subject to China. (See Bucharia.) The whole of Central Asia, to the west of Dschagatai, is often improperly styled Chinese Tartary. This error arises from the confusion of the Mongol and Mantchoo tribes, who roam over these regions, with the Tartars, with whom they have no affinity. (See Mongols, Calmucs, and Mandshures.) The proper Tartars, or, more correctly, Tatars, are divided into numerous branches, and, under different names, occupy a large extent of territory in Europe and Asia. Their true name is Turks, or Turcomanns, that of Tatar being, according to some, a Chinese term for all the nomadic tribes of Central Asia, and, according to others, the name of a Mongol tribe. Once the terror of their neighbors, and not without civilization, some traces and monuments of which still exist, they are now, for the most part, subject to foreign masters. Some tribes continue to preserve their independence, occupying regions too barren to offer any temptation to conquerors, or too remote to be easily accessible; but these circumstances, which have protected them from the arms of foreign conquerors, have also prevented them from being much visited by travellers; and little is known of them and of their country. The Tartar population in Russia amounts to about three million souls, residing chiefly in the southern provinces, in stationary habitations, and occupied with agriculture: they are peaceful and industrious in their habits.