4. Radiates. Having, as truly as plants, a radiate arrangement of the parts of the structure, both the internal and external, although animals in every respect. Include the Polyps or coral animals, which look like flowers, the Medusa or jelly-fishes, etc.

In order that there may be a transfer of members from the locomotive to the cephalic series, or the reverse, (the first of the methods of cephalization mentioned), the animal must, of course, have members in these series. The requisite structure exists only in the two higher subkingdoms, the Vertebrate and Articulate; and, hence, in these alone can we look for examples of this method of cephalization.

I. SUBKINGDOM OF VERTEBRATES. 1. Class of Mammals.— In Mammals, (the class which includes Man and all Quadrupeds, and also the whales), there are but two pairs of limbs. In Man, the fore-limbs take no part in locomotion, and are properly cephalic instead of locomotive organs.

Passing from Man to other Mammals, we descend, from a being characterized by this extreme of cephalization, to the true Quadruped, or four-footed beast. The four limbs are degraded to the locomotive series. This is the only case of such transfer that is possible in Mammals, because the head is a fixed structure, having no parts that can be transferred backward, and, also, because the number of pairs of locomotive organs is limited to two.

2. Other Classes of Vertebrates.-In the other classes of Vertebrates, for the reason just mentioned, there can be no new case of transfer: the head does not admit of it, the vertebrate type being very limited in its range of variations.

This restriction of the examples in this subkingdom to one gives the higher eminence to the distinction between Man and other Mammals.

II. SUBKINGDOM OF ARTICULATES. The first two classes of Articulates have the necessary members and structure for exemplifying this first method of cephalization; but not the last, or that of Worms.

1. Class of Insecteans.-The three orders, or grand divis

ions of Insecteans, are, 1, Insects; 2, Spiders; 3, Myriapods or Centipedes.

Insects, the highest, have three pairs of feet and three pairs of mouth-organs. Spiders have four pairs of feet and two of mouth-organs. There is here a transfer of one pair from the mouth-series to the foot-series, or from the cephalic to the locomotive. Insects and Spiders are, as is obvious, very distinct types of structure. They are two different plans for expressing the idea of the Articulate. The higher is based on superior cephalization; for, in Insects, a larger part of the structure is embraced in the cephalic or anterior portion than in Spiders.

Both Insects and Spiders are structures with fixed or closed limits; for the number of pairs of feet is limited, and the segments of which the body is made admit of no increase beyond the normal or regular number.

Myriapods are not limited in the number of segments of the body, or in that of the pairs of feet; on the contrary, they allow of any number of feet, and of indefinite lengthening behind Being thus, as it were, open behind, instead of closed, there is no regular transfer of mouth-organs to the locomotive series in passing to them from the higher orders. This order is distinguished by the degradational character just mentioned.

2. Class of Crustaceans.-The orders of Crustaceans are three: 1, Decapods, or the ten-footed; 2, Tetradecapods, or the fourteen-footed; 3, Entomostracans, or species with defective

feet.

In the highest order, that of Decapods, there are five pairs of feet and six pairs of mouth-organs. In the next order, that of Tetradecapods, there are seven pairs of feet, and four pairs of mouth-organs. In the latter, then, the feet have gained two pairs, the mouth has lost two; or, in other words, two pairs have passed from the cephalic to the locomotive. series. The types of structure in the Decapods and Tetradecapods are as diverse as those of Insects and Spiders. Like the latter, also, the feet are perfect and fixed or limited in number, the regular or, normal number never being exceeded. They are, therefore, regular or normal types.

In descending to the third order, or the Entomostracan, from the Tetradecapods, the mouth loses other pairs of organs by this method of ti ansfer-in some one pair, in others two, in others three, in others four (or all). The Entomostracans are defective in both their feet and segments, and are degradational forms; and, hence, these several grades of transfer have not separately the importance which belongs to them in the regular or normal types. Thus the Myriapods and Entomostracans are alike in failing to exemplify the regular system, because of their degradational character.

In this review of the Animal kingdom, we have found one case of regular transfer of members from the cephalic to the locomotive series in each of the classes, Mammals, Insecteans, and Crustaceans,-and these are, in fact, all the classes that have the structure requisite for exhibiting it. The number of pairs of feet in the groups considered, beginning with the highest, is as follows:

I. VERTEBRATES-Class of Mammals: In Man, 1 pair; in other Mammals, (and in all other Vertebrates, except those in which part or all of the limbs are wanting, as in the degradational types of Whales, Snakes, etc.), 2.

II. ARTICULATES (1) Class of Insecteans: In Insects, 3; in Spiders, 4.

(2.) Class of Crustaceans: in Decapods, 5; in Tetradecapods, 7.

The numbers of pairs of feet in the reg. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7.

r types are, then,

the higher

Animal guished lization re

These results most obviously demonstra. orders or grand subdivisions under the cla kingdom, wherever the structure allows of it from one another by the particular method o ferred to that is, by a transfer of members i. in the cephalic series to the locomotive, or the reverse. The word order implies rank; and, by this special means, the difference of rank between two successive orders of a class is exhibite1.

They demonstrate, also, that the orders, thus distinguished, are the two highest orders of the classes. This is the fact in the two cases under the Articulates. Insects, or the first,

being thus separated from Spiders, the second and Decapods, the first, from Tetradecapods, the second. And under the

Vertebrates, since Man is separated by the same character from the species below, Man must, in like manner, constitute an independent order-the highest in the class of Mammals. Thus the conclusion, which we have had in view in this scientific discussion, is zoologically established.

It will be observed that the evidence does not remove Man ont of the class of Mammals. Classes (as, for example, those of the subkingdom of Vertebrates, namely, Mammals, Birds, Reptiles, and Fishes) are distinguished by characters of another kind, and only the orders, under a class, by the transfer of members explained.

Neither, as we have elsewhere said, are there any grounds for resisting the association of Man with the Mammals in classification. The distinguishing feature of this class is, as the name implies, the suckling of the young by the mother. And when the first of Mammals were created, this characteristic, while somewhat educational even in brutes, had special prospective reference to the species, then in the distant future, that should take in, through this very means, moral good, and learn from the family relation, thus rooted and strengthened, of a higher relation to an Infinite Parent. The work of the sixth day of creation, as stated in the opening page of the Bible, was that of the creation of Mammals; first, the brute Mammals, then ; and thus the two are associated in a record of diy rigin.

The zoole does not shy, kind, app been shows,

emonstration of the proposition that Man order either with monkeys, or brutes of any efore, to be complete. In addition, it has the principle of cephalization, on which the conclusion is ed, lies at the very foundation of the Animal kingdom, and penetrates its whole superstructure. Man therefore, stands alone, as by acclamation from universal life. His structure, s eminently cephalized, is in accord with his greatness of intellect and soul.

The superiority of Man to other animals has long been recognized in the structure of his hand, which is so wonderfully

fashioned for the service of his exalted nature; in his erectness of form, which seems like a promise of a world above, denied the animal which goes bowed toward the earth; in his face, which is made, not only to exhibit the inferior emotion of pleasure through the smile or laugh, but-when not debased by sin-to move in quick response to all higher emotions and sentiments and calls for sympathy, as though it were the outer film of the soul itself; in his speech, which is the soul in fuller action wielding its powers in force on other souls. We now perceive that these characteristics are outer manifestations of a structure whose elevation is pronounced throughout the breadth and depth of living nature.

Notwithstanding these various distinguishing qualities, some zoologists, after a study of Man's bones, muscles, and brain, without seeing the deeper principle beneath, assign him a place in the same tribe with the apes or monkeys, on a seat a grade higher than that occupied by the Gorilla; yet not so high, say some, but that the Gorilla, Orang, or Chimpanzee may be in the line of Man's ancestry. We have found no such genealogical ideas in our studies of the Animal kingdom. There is three-fold testimony to Man's right to the throne, above, and over, all that lives :-Nature's profoundest utterances; Man's fitness for the position; and God's command, issued when Man took possession, "SUBDUE, AND HAVE DOMINION."