bitration or otherwise. So that Mr. Blaine | Jury sitting at Washington presented inis the author of an advance upon the Mon- dictments for conspiracy in connection with roe doctrine, and what seems at this time the Star Route mail service against the fola radical advance. What it may be when lowing named persons: Thomas J. Brady, the United States seeks to "spread itself" J. W. Dorsey, Henry M. Vail, John W. by an aggressive foreign policy, and by Dorsey, John R. Miner, John M. Peck, M. aggrandizement of new avenues of trade, C. Rerdell, J. L. Sanderson, Wm. H. Turpossibly new acquisitions of territory, is ner. Also against Alvin O. Buck, Wm. S. another question. It is a policy brilliant Barringer and Albert E. Boone, and against beyond any examples in our history, and Kate M. Armstrong for perjury. The ina new departure from the teachings of dictment against Brady, Dorsey and others, Washington, who advised absolute non-in- which is very voluminous, recites the extervention in foreign affairs. The new istence, on March 10, 1879, of the Post Ofdoctrine might thrive and acquire great fice Department, Postmaster-General and popularity under an administration friendly three assistants, and a Sixth Auditor's office to it; but President Arthur has already and Contract office and division. intimated his hostility, and it is now be yond enforcement during his administration. The views of Congress also seem to be adverse as far as the debates have gone into the question, though it has some warm friends who may revive it under more favorable auspices. The Star Route Scandal. "To the latter was subject," the indictment continues, the arrangement of the mail service of the United States and the letting out of the same ou contract." It then describes the duties of the inspecting division. On March 10, 1879, the grand jurors represent, Thomas J. Brady was the lawful Second Assistant Postmaster-General engaged in the performance of the duties of that office. William H. Turner was Directly after Mr. James assumed the a clerk in the Second Assistant Postmasterposition of Postmaster-General in the General's office, and attended to the busiCabinet of President Garfield, he disco- ness of the contract division relating to the vered a great amount of extravagance and mail service over several post routes in Caprobably fraud in the conduct of the mail lifornia, Colorado, Oregon, Nebraska, and service known as the Star Routes, author- the Territories. On the 16th of March, ized by act of Congress to further extend 1879, the indictment represents Thomas J. the mail facilities and promote the more Brady as having made eight contracts with rapid carriage of the mails. These routes John W. Dorsey to carry the mails from proved to be very popular in the West and July 1, 1878, to June 30, 1882, from VerSouth-west, and the growing demand for million, in Dakota Territory, to Sioux Falls mail facilities in these sections would even and back, on a fourteen hour time schedule, in a legitimate way, if not closely watched, for $398 each year; on route from White lead to unusual cost and extravagance; but River to Rawlins, Colorado, once a week it is alleged that a ring was formed headed of 108 hours' time, for $1,700 a year; on by General Brady, one of the Assistant route from Garland, Colorado, to Parrott Postmaster-Generals under General Key, City, once a week, on a schedule of 168 by which routes were established with the hours' time, for $2,745; on route from Ousole view of defrauding the Government-ray, Colorado, to Los Pinos, once a week, in that false bonds were given and enormous and fraudulent sums paid for little or no service. This scandal was at its height at the time of the assassination of President Garfield, at which time Postmaster-General James, Attorney-General MacVeagh and other officials were rapidly preparing for the prosecution of all charged with the fraud. Upon the succession of President Arthur he openly insisted upon the fullest prosecution, and declined to receive the resignation of Mr. MacVeagh from the Cabinet because of a stated fear that the prosecution would suffer by his withdrawal. Mr. MacVeagh, however, withdrew from the Cabinet, believing that the new President should not by any circumstance be prevented from the official association of friends of his own selection; and at this writing Attorney-General Brewster is pushing the prosecutions. On the 24th of March, 1882, the Grand 12 hours' time, for $348; on route from Silverton, Colorado, to Parrott City, twice a week, on 36 hours' time, for $1,488; on route from Mineral Park, in Arizona Territory, to Pioche and back, once a week, in 84 hours' time, $2,982; on route from Tres Almos to Clifton and back, once a week, of 84 hours' time, for $1,568. It further sets forth that the Second Assistant Postmaster-General entered into five contracts with John R. Miner on June 13, 1878, on routes in Dakota Territory and Colorado, and on March 15, 1879, with John M. Peck, over eight post routes. In the space of sixty days after the making of these contracts they were in full force. On March 10, 1879, John W. Dorsey, John R. Miner, and John M. Peck, with Stephen W. Dorsey and Henry M. Vaile, M. C. Rerdell and J. L. Sanderson, mutually interested in these contracts and money, to be paid by the United States to the three parties above named, did unlawfully and maliciously combine and conspire to fraudulently write, sign, and cause to be written and signed, a large number of fraudulent letters and communications and false and fraudulent petitions and applications to the Postmaster-General for additional service and increase of expenditure on the routes, which were purported to be signed by the people and inhabitants in the neighborhood of the routes, which were filed with the papers in the office of the Second Assistant Postmaster-General. Further that these parties swore falsely in describing the number of men and animals required to perform the mail service over the routes and States as greater than was necessary. These false oaths were placed on file in the Second Assistant Postmaster-General's office; and by means of Wm. H. Turner falsely making and writing and endorsing these papers, with brief and untrue statements as to their contents, and by Turner preparing fraudulent written orders for allowances to be made to these contractors and signed by Thomas J. Brady fraudulently, and for the benefit and gain of all the parties named in this bill, the service was increased over these routes; and that Brady knew it was not lawfully needed and required. That he caused the order for increasing to be certified to and filed in the Sixth Auditor's office for fraudulent additional compensation. That Mr. Brady gave orders to extend the service so as to include other and different stations than those mentioned in the contract, that he and others might have the benefits and profits of it: that he refused to impose fines on these contracts for failures and delinquencies, but allowed them additional pay for the service over these routes. During the continuance of these contracts the parties acquired unto themselves several large and excessive sums of money, the property of the United States, fraudulently and unlawfully ordered to be paid them by Mr. Brady. These are certainly formidable indictments. Others are pending against persons in Philadelphia and other cities, who are charged with complicity in these Star Route frauds, in giving straw bonds, &c. The Star Route service still continues, the Post Office Department under the law having sent out several thousand notifications this year to contractors, informing them of the official acceptance of their proposals, and some of these contractors are the same named above as under indictment. This well exemplifies the maxim of the law relative to innocence until guilt be shown. The Coming States. Bills are pending before Congress for the admission of Dakota, Wyoming, New Mexico and Washington Territories. The Bill for the admission of Dakota divides the old Territory, and provides that the new State shall consist of the territory included within the following boundaries: Commencing at a point on the west line of the State of Minnesota where the fortysixth degree of north latitude intersects the same; thence south along the west boundary lines of the States of Minnesota and Iowa to the point of intersection with the northern boundary line of the State of Nebraska; thence westwardly along the northern boundary line of the State of Nebraska to the twenty-seventh meridian of longitude west from Washington; thence north along the said twenty-seventh degree of longitude to the forty-sixth degree of north latitude; to the place of beginning. The bill provides for a convention of one hundred and twenty delegates, to be chosen by the legal voters, who shall adopt the United States Constitution and then proceed to form a State Constitution and government. Until the next census the State shall be entitled to one representative, who, with the Governor and other officials, shall be elected upon a day named by the Constitutional Convention. The report sets apart lands for school purposes, and gives the State five per centum of the proceeds of all sales of public lands within its limite subsequent to its admission as a State, excluding all mineral lands from being thus set apart for school purposes. It provides that portion of the the Territory not included in the proposed new State shall continue as a Territory under the name of the Territory of North Dakota. The proposition to divide comes from Senator McMillan, and if Congress sustains the division, the portion admitted would contain 100,000 inhabitants, the entire estimated population being 175,000—a number in excess of twenty of the present States when admitted, exclusive of the original thirteen; while the division, which shows 100,000 inhabitants, is still in excess of sixteen States when admitted. Nevada, with less than 65,000 population, was admitted before the close Presidential election of 1876, and it may be said that her majority of 1,075, in a total poll of 19,691 votes, aecided the Presidential result in favor of Hayes, and these votes. counteracted the plurality of nearly 300,000 received by Mr. Tilden elsewhere. This fact well illustrates the power of States, as States, and however small, in controlling the affairs of the country. It also accounts for the jealousy with which closely balanced political parties watch the incoming States. Population is but one of the considerations entering into the question of admitting territories, State sovereignty does not rest upon population, as in the make-up of the U. S. Senate neither population, size, nor resources are taken into account. and a motion to suspend the rules, in order Rhode Island, the smallest of all the to put it upon its final passage, was lost by States, and New York, the great Empire a vote of one hundred and fifty-four to State, with over 5,000,000 of inhabitants, eighty-seven, and the earnest efforts to sestand upon an equality in the conservative cure the admission of New Mexico were branch of the Government. It is in the thus defeated. A bill for its admission is House of Representatives that the popula- now again before Congress, and it is a mattion is considered. Such is the jealousy | ter of interest to note the representations of the larger States of their representation as to the condition of the Territory then in the U. S. Senate, that few new ones made, and the facts as they now exist. It would be admitted without long and con- has, according to the census of 1880, a tinuous knocking if it were not for partisan population of 119,565. It had in 1870 a interests, and yet where a fair number of population of 91,874. It was claimed by people demand State Government there is the more moderate advocates of the bill no just cause for denial. Yet all questions that its population then numbered 135,000 of population, natural division, area and (15,435 more than at present), while others resources should be given their proper placed it as high as 145,000. Of this popweight. ulation, 45,000 were said to be of American The area of the combined territories and European descent. It was stated by Utah, Washington, New Mexico, Dakota, Senator Hoar, one of the opponents of the Arizona, Montana, Idaho, Wyoming and bill, that, out of an illiterate population of Indian is about 900,000 square miles. We 52,220, by far the larger part were native exclude Alaska, which has not been sur- inhabitants of Mexican or Spanish origin, veyed. who could not speak the English language. Indian Territory and Utah are for some This statement seems to be in large degree years to come excluded from admission-confirmed by the census of 1880, which the one being reserved to the occupancy of the Indians, while the other is by her peculiar institution of polygamy, generally thrown out of all calculation. And yet it may be found that polygamy can best be made amenable to the laws by the compulsory admission of Utah as a State--an idea entertained by not a few who have given consideration to the question. Alaska may also be counted out for many years to come. There are but 30,000 inhabitants, few of these permanent, and Congress is now considering a petition for the establishment of a territorial government there. shows a total native white population of 108,721, of whom, as nearly as can be ascertained, upward of 80 per cent. are not only illiterates of Mexican and Spanish extraction, but as in 1870, speaking a foreign language. The vote for Mr. Elkins, Territorial Delegate in 1875, was reported as being about 17,000. The total vote in 1878 was 18,806, and in 1880, 20,397, showing a comparatively insignificant increase from 1875 to 1880. The Territory of Washington was constituted out of Oregon, and organized as a Territory by act of March 2, 1853. Its Next to Dakota, New Mexico justly population by the census of 1880 was 75,claims admission. The lands comprised 116, an increase from 23,955 in 1870. Of within its original area were acquired from this total, 59,313 are of native and 15,803 Mexico, at the conclusion of the war with of foreign nativity. Its total white poputhat country, by the treaty of Guadalupe lation in the census year was 67,119; ChiHidalgo in 1848, and by act of September nese, 3,186; Indian, 4,105; colored, 326, 9, 1850, a Territorial government was or- and its total present population is probably ganized. By treaty of December 30, 1853, not far from 95,000. Its yield of precious the region south of the Gila river-the metals in 1880, and for the entire period Gadsden purchase, so called-was ceded by since its development, while showing reMexico, and by act of August 4, 1854, sources full of promise, has been much less added to the Territory, which at that time than that of any other of the organized Terincluded within its limits the present Territories. Its total vote for Territorial Deleritory of Arizona. Its prayer for admis- gate in 1880, while exceeding that of the sion was brought to the serious attention Territories of Arizona, Idaho, and Wyoof Congress in 1874. The bill was pre- ming, was but 15,823. sented in an able speech by Mr. Elkins, The Territory of Arizona, organized out then delegate from the Territory, and had of a portion of New Mexico, and provided the warm support of many members. A with a territorial government in 1863, conbill to admit was also introduced in the tains about 5,000,000 acres less than the Senate, and passed that body February 25, Territory of New Mexico, or an acreage 1875, by a vote of thirty-two to eleven, two exceeded by that of only five States and of the present members of that body, Territories. Its total population in 1870 Messrs. Ingalls and Windom, being among was 9,658, and in 1880, 40,440, 351,60 of its supporters. The matter of admission whom were whites. Of its total population came up for final action in the House at in the census year, 24,891 were of native the same session, just prior to adjournment, and 16,019 of foreign birth, the number of Indians, Chinese, and colored being lation, free and slave, below the required 5,000. number. Why so many States have been authorized to form State governments, and have been subsequently admitted to the Union with populations so far below the requirements of the ordinance of 1787, and the accepted rules for subsequent action may be briefly explained as follows: 1st, by the ground for the use of a wide discretion afforded in the provisions of the ordinance of 1787, for the admission of Idaho was originally a part of Oregon, from which it was separated and provided with a territorial government by the act of March 3, 1863. It embraces in its area a little more than 55,000,000 acres, and had in 1880 a total population of 32,610, being an increase from 14,999 in 1870. Of this population, 22,636 are of native and 9,974 of foreign birth; 29,013 of the total inhabitants are white, 3,379 Chinese and 218 In-States, when deemed expedient, before dians and colored. their population should equal the required number; and 2d, by the equally wide discretion given by the Constitution in the words, New States may be admitted by Congress into this Union,' the only provision of the Constitution bearing specifically upon this subject. Efforts have been The Territory of Montana, organized by act of May 26, 1864, contains an acreage larger than that of any other Territory save Dakota. While it seems to be inferior in cereal producing capacity, in its area of valuable grazing lands it equals, if it does not excel, Idaho. The chief prosperity of made at various times to secure the strict the Territory, and that which promises for enforcement of the original rules, with the it a future of growing importance, lies in modification resulting from the increase its extraordinary mineral wealth, the pro- in the population of the Union, which productions of its mines in the year 1880 hav-vided that the number of free inhabitants ing been nearly twice that of any other in a Territory seeking admission should Territory, with a corresponding excess in equal the number established as the basis its total production, which had reached, of representation in the apportionment of on June 30, 1880, the enormous total of Representatives in Congress, as determined over $53,000,000. Its mining industries represent in the aggregate very large invested capital, and the increasing products, with the development of new mines, are attracting constant additions to its population, which in 1880 showed an increase, as compared with 1870, of over 90 per cent. For particulars see census tables in tabulated history. Wyoming was constituted out of the Territory of Dakota, and provided with territorial government July 25, 1868. Lying between Colorado and Montana, and adjoining Dakota and Nebraska on the east, it partakes of the natural characteristics of these States and Territories, having a fair portion of land suitable for cultivation, a large area suitable for grazing purposes, and a wealth in mineral resources whose development, although of recent beginning, has already resulted in an encouraging yield in precious metals. It is the fifth in area. Henry Randall Waite, in an able article in the March number of the International Review (1882,) closes with these interesting paragraphs: It will be thus seen that eleven States organized from Territories, when authorized to form State governments, and the same number when admitted to the Union, had free populations of less than 60,000, and that of the slave States included in this number, seven in all, not one had the required number of free inhabitants, either when authorized to take the first steps toward admission or when finally admitted; and that both of these steps were taken by two of the latter States with a total popu by the preceding census. How little success the efforts made in this direction have met, may be seen by a comparison of the number of inhabitants forming the basis of representation, as established by the different censuses, and the free population of the Territories admitted at corresponding periods. "At this late date, it is hardly to be expected that rules so long disregarded will be made applicable to the admission of the States to be organized from the existing Territories. There is, nevertheless, a growing disposition on the part of Congress to look with disfavor upon the formation of States whose population, and the development of whose resources, render the expediency of their admission questionable; and an increasing doubt as to the propriety of so dividing the existing Territories as to multiply to an unnecessary extent the number of States, with the attendant increase in the number of Representatives in the National Legislature. "To recapitulate the facts as to the present condition of the Territories with reference to their admission as States, it may be said that only Dakota, Utah, New Mexico and Washington are in possession of the necessary population according to the rule requiring 60,000; that only the three first named conform to the rule demanding a population equal to the present basis of representation; that only Dakota, Utah and Washington give evidence of that intelligence on the part of their inhabitants which is essential to the proper exercise, under favorable conditions, of the extended rights of citizenship, and of that progress in the development of their re- | in which it is now presented, in substance sources which makes self-government es- the same, and it has passed the ordeal of sential, safe, or in any way desirable; and analytical debate and received the affirmathat only Dakota can be said, unquestion- tive vote of both Houses. Except for the ably, to possess all of the requirements Executive veto it would have been long which, by the dictates of a sound policy, ago the law of the land. It is again preshould be demanded of a Territory at this sented, not only under circumstances as time seeking admission to the Union. imperative in their demands for its enact"Whatever the response to the Terri-ment, but with every objection of the veto torial messengers now waiting at the doors removed and every argument made against of Congress, a few years, at most, will its approval swept away. It is an interestbring an answer to their prayers. The ing fact in the history of this measure, that stars of a dozen proud and prosperous the action which has cleared its way of the States will soon be added to those already impediments which were made the reasons blazoned upon the blue field of the Union, for the veto, was inaugurated and consumand the term Territory, save as applied to mated with splendid persistance and enthe frozen regions of Alaska, will disappear ergy by the saine administration whose exfrom the map of the United States." ecutive interposed the veto against it. Without stopping to inquire into the motive of the Hayes administration in this proceeding, whether its action was in obedience to a conviction that the measure The Chinese Question. public sentiment, so strong and universal as to demand the utmost vigor in the diplomacy necessary for the removal of all impediments to its progress, it must be apparent that the result of this diplomatic action has been to add a new phase to the question in respect of the adoption of the measure itself. "In order to fully appreciate this fact it may be proper to indulge in historical reminiscence for a moment. For many years complaints had been made against the introduction into the United States of the peculiar people who come from China, and the Congress, after careful consideration of the subject, so far appreciated the evil complained of as to pass a bill to interdict it. Since 1877 the agitation of the prohibi-was in itself right and expedient, or to a tion of Chinese immigration in California and other States and Territories on the Pacific slope has been very great. This led to many scenes of violence and in some instances bloodshed, when one Dennis Kearney led the Workingmen's party in San Francisco. On this issue an agitator and preacher named Kalloch was elected Mayor. The issue was carried to the Legislature, and in the vote on a constitutional amendment it was found that not only the labor but nearly all classes in California were opposed to the Chinese. The constitutional amendment did not meet the sanction of the higher courts. A bill was introduced into Congress restricting Chinese immigrants to fifteen on each vessel. This passed both branches, but was vetoed by President Hayes on the ground "The Executive Department had, prior that it was in violation of the spirit of to that action, with diplomatic finesse, aptreaty stipulations. At the sessions of proached the imperial throne of China, 1881-82 a new and more radical measure with intent, as was said, to ascertain was introduced. This prohibits immigra- whether such an interdiction of coolie imtion to Chinese or Coolie laborers for twen-portation, or immigration so called, into ty years. The discussion in the U. S. the United States would be regarded as a Senate began on the 28th of February, breach of friendly relations with China, 1882, in a speech of unusual strength by and had been informed by the diplomat, to Senator John F. Miller, the author of the whom the delicate task had been comBill. From this we freely quote, not alone mitted, that such interdiction would not be to show the later views entertained by the favorably regarded by the Chinese Governpeople of the Pacific slope, but to give ment. Hence, when Congress, with surfrom the lips of one who knows the lead-prising audacity, passed the bill of intering facts in the history of the agitation. Abstracts from the Text of Senator On his Bill to Prohibit Chinese Immigration. In the Senate, Feb. 28th, 1882, Mr. Miller said: “This measure is not a surprise to the Senate, nor a new revelation to the country. It has been before Congress more than once, if not in the precise form diction the Executive, believing in the truth of the information given him, thought it prudent and expedient to veto the bill, but immediately, in pursuance of authority granted by Congress, he appointed three commissioners to negotiate a treaty by which the consent of China should be given to the interdiction proposed by Congress. These commissioners appeared before the Government of China upon this special mission, and presented the request of the Government of the United States |