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the struggle where he left it, and we hereby declare that we will own no allegiance to any "boss," nor be subservient to any machine;" but that we will do our utmost to liberate the party from the "boss" domination under which it has fallen.

by Rufus E. Shapley, Esq,, of Philadel- | party to "bosses." Our chosen leader, the phia, the author of "Solid for Mulhooly," late President Garfield, feli a martyr in his a most admirable political satire, which contest with the "bosses." We take up had an immense sale. Its many hits were freely quoted by the Reformers of Philadelphia, who organized under the Committee of One Hundred, a body of merchants who first banded themselves together to promote reforms in the municipal government. This organization, aided V. Recognizing that political parties by the Democrats, defeated Mayor Wm. are simply instrumentalities for the enS. Stokley for his third term, electing Mr. forcement of certain recognized principles, King, theretofore a very popular Demo- we shall endeavor to promote the principles cratic councilman. In return for this sup- of the Republican party by means of that port, the Democrats accepted John Hun- party, disenthralled and released from the ter, Committee's nominee for Tax Receiver, domination of its "bosses." But should and the combination succeeded. In the we fail in this, we shall have no hesitation fall of 1881 it failed on the city ticket, but in seeking to advance the principles of the in the spring of 1882 secured material suc-party through movements and organizacesses in the election of Councilmen, who tions outside of the party lines. were nominces of both parties, but aided by the endorsement of the Committee of One Hundred. A similar combination failed as between Brown (Rep.) and Eisenbrown (Dem.) for Magistrate. On this part of the ticket the entire city voted, and the regular Republicans won by about 500 majority.

The idea of the Committee of One Hundred is to war against "boss rule" in municipal affairs. James McManes has long enjoyed the leadership of the Republican party in Philadelphia, and the reform eleinent has directed its force against his power as a leader, though he joined at Chicago in the MacVeagh war against the The following is the declaration of prin- form of "boss rule," which was then diciples of the Citizens' Republican Associ-rected against Grant, Conkling, Logan and ation of Thiladelphia, which, under the bauner of Mr. Wolfe, extended its organization to several counties:

Cameron. This episode has really little, if anything, to do with Federal politics, but the facts are briefly recited with a view I. We adhere to the platform of the to explain to the reader the leading force National Convention of the Republican which supported Mr. Wolfe in his indeparty, adopted at Chicago, June 2d, 1880, pendent race in Pennsylvania. Summed and we proclaim our unswerving alle-up, it is simply one of those local wars giance to the great principles upon which against leadership which precede and folthat party was founded, to wit: national low factions. supremacy, universal liberty, and governmental probity.

II. The Republican party, during its glorious career, having virtually established its principles of national supremacy and universal liberty as the law of the land, we shall, while keeping a vigilant watch over the maintenance of those principles, regard the third one, viz.: governmental probity, as the living issue to be struggled for in the future; and as the pure administration of government is essential to the permanence of Republican institutions, we consider this issue as in no way inferior in importance to any other.

The factious battles in the Republican party, as we have stated, seem to have spent their force. The assassination of President Garfield gave them a most serious check, for men were then compelled to look back and acknowledge that his plain purpose was to check divisions and heal wounds. Only haste and anger assailed, and doubtless as quickly regretted the assault. President Arthur, with commendable reticence and discretion, is believed to be seeking the same end. He has made few changes, and these reluctantly. His nomination of ex-Senator Conkling to a seat in the Supreme Bench, which, though III. The only practical method of re- declined, is generally accepted as an assustoring purity to administration is through rance to New Yorkers that the leader the adoption of a system of civil service, hated by one side and loved by the other, under which public officials shall not be should be removed from partisan politics the tools of any man or of any clique, sub- peculiar to his own State, but removed ject to dismissal at their behest, or to as-with the dignity and honor becoming his sessment in their service; nor appoint-high abilities. It has ever been the policy ment to office be " patronage" at the of wise administrations, as with wise genedisposal of any man to consolidate his rals, to care for the wounded, and Conkpower within the party.

IV. It is the abuse of this appointing power which has led to the formation of the "machine," and the subjection of the

ling was surely and sorely wounded in his battle against the confirmation of Robertson and his attempted re-election to the Senate. He accepted the situation with

quiet composure, and saw his friend Ar- | National laws touching their civil rights. thur unite the ranks which his resignation | The Legislature was won, and on the 16th had sundered. After this there remained of December, 1880, Gen'l Mahone was little if any cause for further quarrel, and elected to the U. S. Senate to succeed Senwhile in writing history it is dangerous to ator Withers, whose term expired March attempt a prophecy, the writer believes 4, 1881. that President Arthur will succeed in keeping his party, if not fully united, at least as compact as the opposing Democratic forces.

The Readjusters.

In the Presidential campaign of 1880, the Readjusters supported Gen'l Hancock, but on a separate electoral ticket, while the Republicans supported Garfield on an electoral ticket of their own selection. This division was pursuant to an understanding, and at the time thought adviThis party was founded in 1878 by Gen'l sable by Mahone, who, if his electors won, William Mahone, a noted Brigadier in could go for Hancock or not, as circumthe rebel army. He is of Scotch-Irish de- stances might suggest; while if he failed scent, a man of very small stature but the Republicans might profit by the scpamost remarkable energy, and acquired ration. There was, however, a third horn wealth in the construction and develop to this dilemma, for the regular Democratic ment of Southern railroads. He sounded electors were chosen, but the political the first note of revolt against what he complexion of the Legislature was not styled the Bourbon rule of Virginia, and changed. Prior to the Presidential nomibeing classed as a Democrat, rapidly di-nations Mahone's Readjuster Convention vided that party on the question of the had signified their willingness to support Virginia debt. His enemies charge that Geu'l Grant if he should be nominated at he sought the repudiation of this debt, but Chicago, and this fact was widely quoted in return he not only denied the charge, by his friends in their advocacy of Grant's but said the Bourbons were actually re-nomination, and in descanting upon his pudiating it by making no provision for ability to carry Southern States. its payment, either in appropriations or the levying of taxes needed for the purpose. Doubtless his views on this question have unlergone some molification, and that earlier in the struggle the uglier criticisms were partially correct. Certain it is that he and his friends now advocate full payment less the proportion equitably assigned to West Virginia, which separated from the parent State during the war, and in her constitution evaded her responsibility by declaring that the State should never contract a debt except one created to resist invasion or in a war for the government. This fact shows how keenly alive the West Virginians were to a claim which could very justly be pressed in the event of Virginia being restored to the Union, and this claim Gen'l Mahone has persistently pressed, and latterly urged a funding of the debt of his State at a 3 per cent. rate, on the ground that the State is unable to pay more and that this is in accord with proper rates of interest on the bonds of State governments-a view not altogether fair or sound, since it leaves the creditors powerless to do otherwise than accept. The regular or Bourbon Democrats proclaimed in favor of full payment, and in this respect differed from their party associates as to ante-war debts in most other Southern States.

Gen. Mahone rapidly organized his revolt, and as the Republican party was then in a hopeless minority in Virginia, publicly invited an alliance by the passage of a platform which advocated free schools for the blacks and a full enforcement of the

The Readjuster movement at first had no other than local designs, but about the time of its organization there was a great desire on the part of the leading Republicans to break the "Solid South," and every possible expedient to that end was suggested. It was solid for the Democratic party, and standing thus could with the aid of New York, Indiana and New Jersey (them all Democratic States) as-ure the election of a Democratic President.

One of the favorite objects of President Hayes was to break the "Solid South." He first obtained it by conciliatory speeches, which were so conciliatory in fact that they angered radical Republicans, and there were thus threatened division in unexpected quarters. He next tried it through Gen'l Key, whom he made Postmaster General in the hope that he could resurrect and reorganize the old Whig elements of the South. Key was to attend to Southern postal patronage with this end in view, while Mr. Tener, his able First Assistant, was to distribute Northern or Republican patronage. So far as dividing the South was concerned, the scheme was a flat failure.

The next and most quiet and effectual effort was made by Gen'l Simon_Cameron, Ex-Senator from Pennsylvania. He started on a brief Southern tour, ostensibly for health and enjoyment, but really to meet Gen'l Mahone, his leading Readjuster friends, and the leading Republicans. Conferences were held, and the union of the two forces was made to embrace National objects. This was in the Fall of 1879.

264

AMERICAN POLITICS.

President Arthur signed the Edmunds anti-polygamy bill on the 23d of March, 1882.

Not long thereafter Gen'l Mahone consult- | Mormons in Utah, been one of the vexed ed with Senator J. Don. Cameron, who questions in American politics. Laws was of course familiar with his father's passed for its suppression have proved, thus movements, and he actively devised and far, unavailing; troops could not crush it carried out schemes to aid the new combi-out, or did not at a time when battles were nation by which the "Solid South" was fought and won; was fought and won; United States Courts to be broken. In the great State campaign were powerless where juries could not be of 1881, when the Bourbon and anti-Bour- found to convict. Latterly a new and bon candidates for Governor, were stump- promising effort has been made for its suping the State, Gen'l Mahone found that a pression. This was begun in the Senate large portion of his colored friends were in the session of 1882. On the 16th of handicapped by their inability to pay the February a vote was taken by sections on taxes imposed upon them by the laws of Senator Edmunds' bill, which like the law Virginia, and this threatened defeat. He of 1862 is penal in its provisions; but disought aid from the National administra- rectly aimed against the crime of polytion. President Garfield favored the com-gamy. bination, as did Secretary Windom, but Secretary Blaine withheld his support for several months, finally, however, acceding to the wishes of the President and most of the Cabinet. Administration influences caused the abandonment of a straight-out Republican_movement organized by Congressman Jorgensen and others, and a movement which at one time threatened a disastrous division was overcome. The tax question remained, and this was first met by Senator J. Don. Cameron, who while summering at Manhattan Island, Senator Vest (Democrat) of Missouri, was really daily engaged in New York said that never in the darkest days of the City raising funds for Mahone, with which rule of the Tudors and Stuarts had any to pay their taxes. Still, this aid was insuf- measure been advocated which came so ficient, and in the heat of the battle the near a bill of attainder as this one. It revenue officers throughout the United was monstrous to contend that the people States, were asked to contribute. Many of of the United States were at the mercy of them did so, and on the eve of election all Congress without any appeal. If this bill taxes were paid and the result was the passed it would establish a precedent that election of William E. Cameron (Read-would come home to plague us for all juster) as Governor by about 20,000 ma- time to come. The pressure against polyjority, with other State officers divided be-gamy to-day might exist to-morrow against tween the old Readjusters and Republi- any church, institution or class in this cans. The combination also carried the broad land, and when the crested waves of Legislature. prejudice and passion mounted high they

Delegate Cannon of Utah, was on the floor of the Senate electioneering against the bill, and he plead with some success, for several Democratic Senators made speeches against it. The Republicans were unanimously for the bill, and the Democrats were not solidly against it, though the general tenor of the debate on this side was against it.

I

In that great struggle the Readjusters would be told that the Congress of the became known as the anti-Bourbon move-United States had trampled upon the Conment, and efforts are now being made to stitution. In conclusion, he said: "I am extend it to other Southern States. It has prepared for the abuse and calumny that taken root in South Carolina, Georgia, will follow any man who dares to criticise Tennessee, Arkansas, Mississippi, and any bill against polygamy, and yet, if my more recently in Kentucky, where the official life had to terminate to-morrow, Union War Democrats in State Convention would not give my vote for the unconstias late as March 1, 1882, separated from tutional principles contained in this bill." the Bourbon wing of the party. For a Other speeches were made by Messrs. Morbetter idea of these two elements in the gan, Brown, Jones, of Florida, Saulsbury, South, the reader is referred to the recent Call, Pendleton, Sherman, and Lamar, and speeches of Hill and Mahone in the me- the debate was closed by Mr. Edmunds in morable Senate scene directly after the an eloquent fifteen-minutes' speech, in latter took the oath of office, and cast his which he carefully reviewed and controvote with the Republicans. These speeches verted the objections urged against the will be found in Book III of this volume. bill of the committee.

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and that he was tired of it. In the bill as amended the following section provoked more opposition than any other, although the Senators refrained from making any particular mention of it: "That if any male person in a Territory or other place over which the United States have exclusive jurisdiction hereafter cohabits with more than one woman he shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and on conviction thereof he shall be punished by a fine of not more than $300 or by imprisonment for not more than six months, or by both said punishments in the discretion of the court." The bill passed viva voce vote after a re-arrangement of its sections, one of the changes being that not more than three of the commissioners shall be members of the same party. The fact that the yeas and nays were not called, shows that there is no general desire on either side to make the bill a partisan measure.

The Edmunds Bill passed the House March 14, 1882, without material amend ment, the Republican majority, refusing to allow the time asked by the Democrats for discussion. The vote was 193 for to only 45 against, all of the negative votes being Democratic save one, that of Jones, Greenbacker from Texas.

more than five years; but this section shall not extend to any person by reason of any former marriage whose husband or wife by such marriage shall have been absent for five successive years, and is not known to such person to be living, and is believed by such person to be dead, nor to any person by reason of any former marriage which shall have been dissolved by a valid decree of a competent court, nor to any person by reason of any former marriage which shall have been pronounced void by a valid decree of a competent court, on the ground of nullity of the marriage contract."

SEC. 2. That the foregoing provisions. shall not affect the prosecution or punishment of any offence already committed against the section amended by the first section of this act.

SEC. 3. That if any male person, in a Territory or other place over which the United States have exclusive jurisdiction, hereafter cohabits with more than one woman, he shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and on conviction thereof shall be punished by a fine of not more than $300, or by imprisonment for not more than six months, or by both said punishments in the discretion of the court.

SEC. 4. That counts for any or all of the offences named in sections 1 and 3 of this act may be joined in the same information or indictment.

The only question was whether the bill, as passed by the Senate, would accomplish that object, and whether certain provisions of this bill did not provide a remedy which was worse than the disease. Many Demo- SEC. 5. That in any prosecution for bigacrats thought that the precedent of inter- my, polygamy or unlawful cohabitation fering with the right of suffrage at the under any statute of the United States, it polls, when the voter had not been tried shall be sufficient cause of challenge to any and convicted of any crime, was so dan- person drawn or summoned as a juryman gerous that they could not bring them- or talesman, first, that he is or has been selves to vote for the measure. Among living in the practice of bigamy, polythese democrats were Belmont and Hew-gamy, or unlawful cohabitation with more itt, of New York, and a number of others equally prominent. But they all professed their readiness to vote for any measure which would affect the abolition of polygamy without impairing the fundamental rights of citizens in other parts of the country.

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than one woman, or that he is or has been guilty of an offence punishable by either of the foregoing sections or by section 5352 of the Revised Statutes of the United States or the act of July 1, 1862, entitled

An act to punish and prevent the practice of polygamy in the Territories of the United States and other places, and disapproving and annulling certain acts of the Legislative Assembly of the Territory of Utah;" or, second, that he believes it right for a man to have more than one living and undivorced wife at the same time, or to live in the practice of cohabiting with more than one woman, and any person appearing or offered as a juror or talesman and challenged on either of the foregoing grounds may be questioned on his oath as to the existence of any such cause of challenge, and other evidence may be introduced bearing upon the question raised by such challenge, and this question shall be tried by the court. But as to the first ground. of challenge before mentioned the person challenged shall be bound to answer if he

SEC. 6. That the l'resident is hereby authorized to grant amnesty to such classes of offenders guilty before the passage of this act of bigamy, polygamy, or unlawful cohabitation before the passage of this act, on such conditions and under such limitations as he shall think proper; but no such amnes y hall have effect unless the conditions thereof shall be complied with.

shall say upon his oath that he declines on | vision for filling said offices as herein authe ground that his answer may tend to thorized. The secretary of the Territory criminate himself, and if he shall answer shall be the secretary of said board, and to said first ground his answer shall not be keep a journal of its proceedings, and atgiven in evidence in any criminal prose- test the action of said board under this cution against him for any offense named section. The canvass and return of all in sections 1 or 3 of this act, but if he the votes at elections in said Territory for declines to answer on any ground he shali members of the Legislative Assembly be rejected as incompetent. thereof shall also be returned to said board, which shall canvass all such returns and issue certificates of election to those persons who, being eligible for such election, shall appear to have been lawfully elected, which certificate shall be the only evidence of the right of such persons to sit in such Assembly: Irovided, That said board of five persons shall not exclude any person otherwise eligible to vote from the polls on account of any opinion such person may entertain on the subject of bigamy or polygamy, nor shall they refuse to count any such vote on account of the opinion of the person casting it on the subject of bigamy or polygamy; but each house of such Assenibly, atter its organization, shall have power to decide upon the elections and qualifications of its members. And at or after the first meeting of said Legislative Assembly whose members shall have been elected and returned according to the provisions of this act, said Legislative Assembly may make such laws, conformable to the organic act of said Territory and not inconsistent with other laws of the United States, as it shall deem proper concerning the filling of the offices in said Territory declared vacant by this act.

SEC. 7. That the issue of bigamous or polygamous marriages known as Mormon marriages, in cases in which such marriages have been solemnized according to the ceremonies of the Mormon sect, in any Territory of the United States, and such issue shall have been born before the 1st day of January, A. D. 1883, are hereby legitimated.

SEC. S. That no polygamist, bigamist, or any person cohabiting with more than one woman, and no woman cohabiting with any of the persons described as aforesaid in this section, in any Territory or other place over which the United States have exclusive jurisdiction, shall be entitled to vote at any election held in any such Territory or other place, or be eligible for election or appointment to or be entitled to hold any office or place of public trust, honor or emolument in, under, or for such Territory or place, or under the United States.

John R. McBride writing in the February number (1882) of The International Review, gives an interesting and correct SEC. 9. That all the registration and view of the obstacles which the Mormons election offices of every description in the have erected against the enforcement of Territory of Utah are hereby declared va- United States laws in the Territory. It cant, and each and every duty relating to requires acquaintance with these facts to the registration of voters, the conduct of fully comprehend the difficulties in the elections, the receiving or rejection of votes, way of what seems to most minds a very and the canvassing and returning of the plain and easy task. Mr. McFride says: same, and the issuing of certificates or Their first care on arriving in Utah was to other evidence of election in said Terri- erect a 'frce and Independent State," tory, shall, until other provision be made called the "State of Deseret." It included by the Legislative Assembly of said Terri- in its nominal limits, not only all of Utah tory as is hereinafter by this section pro- as it now is, but one-half of California, all vided, be performed under the existing of Nevada, part of Colorado, and a large laws of the United States and of said Ter- portion of four cther Territories now orritory by proper persons, who shall be ap-ganized. Erigham Young was elected pointed to execute such offices and perform Governor, and its departments, legislative such duties by a board of five persons, to and judicial, were fully organized and put be appointed by the President, by and with into operation. Its legislative acts were the advice and consent of the Senate, and styled "ordinances," and when Congress, not more than three of whom shall be mem- disregarding the State organization, instibers of one political party, and a majority tuted a Territorial Government for Utah, of whom shall constitute a quorum. The the legislative body chosen by the Mormembers of said board so appointed by the mons adopted the ordinances of the "State President shall each receive a salary at the of Deseret." Many of these are yet on rate of $3,000 per annum, and shall con- the statute book of Utah. They show continue in office until the Legislative As-clusively the domination of the ecclesiastisembly of said Territory shall make pro-cal idea, and how utterly insignificant in

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