COLLEGE HILL, a post village of Hamilton co., Ohio, 6 m. N. of Cincinnati, and the seat of two institutions of learning, viz.: Farmer's college, formerly Carey's academy, founded in 1846, and having in 1870 4 instructors and 45 students; and the Ohio female college, founded in 1848, and having in 1870 13 instructors, 130 students, and a library of 1,000 volumes. COLLES, Christopher, an American engineer, born in Ireland about 1738, died in New York in 1821. He was educated under the care of Richard Pococke, the oriental traveller, after whose death he emigrated to America, and in 1773 delivered lectures in New York upon inland lock navigation. He was the designer of one of the first steam engines built in the country. In 1774 he submitted proposals for the construction of a reservoir for the supply of the city of New York with water. Afterward he gave instruction to the artillery of the United States upon the use of projectiles, until the arrival of Baron Steuben in 1777, when a change was made in the organization of the department. In November, 1784, he presented a memorial to the New York assembly recommending that Lake Ontario should be connected with the Hudson by means of canals and other improvements. He surveyed the obstructions in the Mohawk river, and the results of the survey were published in 1785. He also published an elaborate pamphlet in regard to inland navigation. The revolution having prevented the construction of the reservoir which he had projected, he offered to undertake the supply of New York from outside of the city by means of pipes, and was probably the first person who drew attention to the subject. He personally explored the roads of the state of New York and published a book describing them. He exhibited much ingenuity in a great variety of employments, but was always poor. At length he was appointed superintendent of the academy of fine arts in New York. He was the friend of Hamilton, Jefferson, and other eminent men, and was honored as the original suggester of the canal system of New York. COLLETON, a S. county of South Carolina, bordering on the Atlantic, bounded S. W. by the Combahee river; area, 1,672 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 25,410, of whom 16,492 were colored. The Edisto, Ashepoo, and Salkehatchie are the principal rivers. Much of the land is flat, alluvial, and swampy; the drier parts are fertile. The palmetto and cabbage palm are here indigenous. The South Carolina and the Savannah and Charleston railroads traverse the county. The chief productions in 1870 were 207,927 bushels of Indian corn, 52,825 of sweet potatoes, 2,335 bales of cotton, 8,742,271 lbs. of rice, and 1,040 hhds. of sugar (all that was produced in the state except 15 hhds.). There were 1,679 horses, 4,264 milch cows, 6,237 other cattle, 3,314 sheep, and 17,508 swine. Capital Waterborough. COLLETON, James, a colonial governor of South Carolina. He was appointed in 1686, | A during the attempt to carry out Locke's constitution, and in the interest of the lords proprietors, one of whom was his brother. He received with his appointment the dignity of landgrave and 48,000 acres of land. On his arrival he found the colonial parliament unwilling to recognize the constitution, and he at once excluded the refractory members. new assembly was elected in 1687, in avowed opposition to the governor, and the people resisted his collection of quitrents. The assembly imprisoned his secretary, seized the records, and defied the governor and his patrons. In 1689 Colleton, pretending danger from Spaniards and Indians, called out the militia and declared martial law; but as the militia were the people themselves, this effort was futile. In 1690 William and Mary were proclaimed, and the representatives of South Carolina deposed Colleton and banished him. COLLETTA, Pietro, a Neapolitan patriot, born in Naples, Jan. 23, 1775, died in Florence, Nov. 11, 1831. He was an officer of artillery and civil engineer, took an active part in politics during the French invasion of Naples, distinguished himself in the army under Joseph Bonaparte, and was made by Murat in 1808 intendant of Calabria, and in 1812 general and director of bridges and public roads. When the Bourbons returned to power, he was for some time imprisoned. On the outbreak of the revolution of 1820 he was sent as viceroy to Sicily, but was soon recalled and appointed minister of war. After the Austrian intervention he was banished to Brünn in Moravia, but afterward he was permitted to reside in Florence. He wrote Storia del reame di Napoli dal 1734 sino al 1825 (2 vols., Capolago, 1834; 2d ed., 4 vols., 1837; English translation by S. Horner, with a supplementary chapter, 2 vols., Edinburgh, 1858). COLLIER, Arthur, an English clergyman, born at Langford Steeple, Wiltshire, in 1680, died in 1732.. He was rector of Langford, a living which had belonged successively to his greatgrandfather, grandfather, and father. In 1713 he published a work entitled Clavis Universalis, maintaining the non-existence and the impossibility of the existence of any objects external to the mind. Berkeley had three years before advanced incidentally a similar theory, but the two philosophers appear to have had no knowledge of each other. Collier was inferior to his contemporary rather in the graces of composition than in acuteness or method; and yet, while Berkeley's publication produced a profound impression, the Clavis Universalis attracted not the slightest attention in England. In Germany a copious and able abstract of its contents was given in 1717, in a supplemental volume of the Acta Eruditorum, and in 1756 a complete translation of it into German was made by Eschenbach. Thus rendered accessible in Germany, Collier has enjoyed among the thinkers of that country high repute for talent and originality. The best view of his VOL. V.-5 doctrines, as compared with those of Berke- COLLIER, John Payne, an English author and ley, is that given by Tennemann. Reid was commentator on Shakespeare, born in London the first to call attention to the Clavis Uni- in 1789. He studied law, and was for several versalis in England; and in 1837 it was pub- years parliamentary reporter for the "Mornlished in London as part of the contents of ing Chronicle" newspaper. He published in a volume of metaphysical tracts, which had journals and reviews criticisms and annotabeen prepared for the press by Dr. Parr. In tations on the old English poets, in 1820 the the same year the memoirs of his life and "Poetical Decameron," a series of dialogues writings, by Robert Benson, appeared in Lon- on the poets chiefly of the reigns of Elizabeth don. The Clavis was subsequently reprinted and James I., and in 1825 a poem entitled the in Edinburgh. Other publications of Collier "Poet's Pilgrimage." In 1825-'7 he edited a were the "Specimen of True Philosophy” new edition of Dodsley's "Old Plays," adding (1713), the "Logology " (1732), and two con- 11 additional plays to it. In 1831 appeared his troversial sermons. In religion he was an "History of English Dramatic Poetry,” containArian, and also a high churchman on grounds ing a great variety of information collected from which his associates could not understand. original sources. Many valuable collections, COLLIER, Jeremy, an English nonjuring clergy- such as the library of the duke of Devonshire man, born at Stow Qui, Cambridgeshire, Sept. and that of Lord Ellesmere, were in conse23, 1650, died in London, April 26, 1726. He quence of this publication opened to his rewas educated at Caius college, Cambridge, and searches. In Lord Ellesmere's collection of became successively chaplain to the countess MSS. he found most of the materials for his dowager of Dorset, rector of Ampton in Suf- series of "New Facts" and "Further Particufolk, and in 1685 lecturer of Gray's Inn, Lon- lars" concerning Shakespeare and his works, | don. Upon the revolution he engaged in con- published between 1835 and 1839. In 1844 he troversy with Bishop Burnet and others, and completed the publication of a new life of opposed the new organization of church and Shakespeare, and a new edition of his works, state during many years in numerous pam- for which he had collected materials during 20 phlets, which were written with great ability. years, the text being founded on a new collaHe was imprisoned for a short time in 1688 for tion of the old editions. In 1852 he publisha publication in favor of the dethroned mon- ed "Notes and Emendations" to the text of arch. He was again arrested in 1692 on the Shakespeare, from early manuscript correcKentish coast, on the supposition that he was tions on the margin of a recently discovered in communication with the Jacobites across copy of the folio of 1632, and the next year a the channel, and refusing to acknowledge the new edition of the plays, with the text regujurisdiction of the court by putting in bail, he lated by collation of this folio and of other old was again imprisoned, but was finally released editions. These publications excited much inwithout trial. In 1696, when Friend and Par- terest and discussion concerning the date and kyns were condemned for plotting to assassi- authority of the manuscript corrections. Mr. nate King William, Collier attended the pris- Collier has been a zealous member of both the oners in Newgate, accompanied them to the Camden and Shakespeare societies, for which gallows at Tyburn, and there gave them absolu- he has edited several interesting works, as the tion. The result was that a warrant was issued "Memoirs of Edward Alleyn" (1841), the for his arrest, but he made his escape, and it "Diary of Philip Henslowe" (1845), "Memoirs could not be executed. From his hiding place of the principal Actors in Shakespeare's Plays" he published a defence of his conduct, which (1846), and "Extracts from the Registers of immediately received many answers, one of the Stationers' Company from 1557 to 1580" which was signed by the two archbishops and (1848–'9). In 1865 he published a "Biblioall the bishops then in London, 12 in number. graphical Account of Rare Books" (2 vols.), He again refused to acknowledge the jurisdic- and in 1866 commenced a series of reprints of tion of the court by putting in bail, and suffered the early English poets and pamphleteers. He sentence of outlawry, which was not reversed receives an annual pension from the crown of during the remainder of his life. He pub- £100, granted by Sir Robert Peel. lished in 1697 the first volume of his "Essays upon several Moral Subjects," and in the next year his "Short View of the Immorality and Profaneness of the English Stage." The latter engaged him in a lively controversy with Congreve and Vanbrugh, and the wits of the time. The discussion lasted ten years, and contributed decidedly to the improvement of the English stage. Among his later publications were a translation of Moreri's "Historical Dictionary" (1701-'21), an Ecclesiastical History of Great Britain" (1708-'14), two additional volumes of "Essays upon Moral Subjects," and a volume of "Practical Discourses" (1725). 66 COLLIERY, a term applied to coal-mining establishments, including the mines, buildings, and machinery employed. In their simplest form, as now seen in the Alleghany coal field, where the strata lie nearly horizontal, and generally in the hills or mountains above the level of the streams, or common water level, the collieries employ little or no machinery; but at the deep and extensive mines of the Pennsylvania anthracite fields, and in the older mining districts of Europe, these establishments are of immense proportions, employing hundreds of hands and a vast capital. Primitively, the process of digging coal and other minerals consisted in simply removing the surface earth, and quarrying the coal on the outcrops of the beds, and this was continued even to a late day. The most notable instance of modern surface coal mining was at the old Summit mines of the Lehigh, where the great FIG. 1.-The Great Open Quarry of Anthracite, Summit Hill, Mauch Chunk Mountain, Pa. Mammoth bed was uncovered to the extent of 30 acres, and produced 2,000,000 tons of coal up to 1847, when it was abandoned. The great bed, which was nearly 70 ft. thick at this place, formed an anticlinal with the axis near the surface where the quarry was opened. A tree which had grown over this spot and extended its roots into the coal bed below, having been uprooted by the wind, revealed the coal to a hunter, who reported the discovery, and from this grew the famous Lehigh FIG. 2.—Mammoth Coal Bed. a. The great quarry on the Mammoth coal bed. coal mines. From the quarry method, the next step in advance introduced the art of mining, or under-ground work, and the establishment of collieries. Where the coal beds existed above water level, or near the surface, rude excavations were made into the bed; where they were small, simple galleries were formed in the solid coal from 4 to 12 ft. wide, with arched top and without timber. At the old Butterknowle workings on the southwest outcrops of the Newcastle (English) coal field, these galleries are three yards wide, with square pillars of coal of equal dimensions on each side. These mines are supposed to be 200 years old, and are from 40 to 50 ft. deep. In the Richmond, Va., coal field, galleries of the same character are found, driven at right angles to each other between square pillars, or at random when in faulty ground. These works are also in shallow pits, as all the coal of that field exists below the water level. They are apparently more than 100 years old, and are situated at Springfield on the N. E. | edge of the Richmond coal field, where trees over 100 years of age were found during the year 1857 growing on the heaps of waste extracted from them. The most noted of these in the Pennsylvania anthracite fields were on the outcrops of the Mammoth, locally known as the Baltimore bed, near Wilkesbarre, and on the B bed, known as Smith's bed, below Plymouth, in the lower end of the Wyoming valley. These excavations were large, corresponding to the size of these great beds, and wide enough to admit horses and wagons to drive in and turn in the rooms or galleries thus formed. All or most of the coal of England and Belgium exists below water level, and is mined by pits. Until the application of steam for general purposes in 1800, both coal and water were raised from these mines by horse power or by women; and this was continued even up to 1845, when the employment of women in the mines was prohibited by act of parliament. During 1842, 2,400 girls and women were at work in the mines of Scotland alone, mostly employed in conveying the coal to the surface. In some favored localities near FIG. 3.-The old Baltimore Mines. the streams, water power was made use of for pumping; in others, horse wains or gins and sometimes hand windlasses were used to raise both coal and water; but more frequently women were employed as beasts of burden, not only to convey the coal along the low entries, in which they could not stand upright, but also up long lengths of ladders from the bottom of small pits to the surface. The work that was performed by women in these old collieries is almost incredible. Robert Bald, in his "General View of the Coal Trade of Scotland" (1808), says: "We have seen a woman take on a load of 170 pounds of coal and travel with this up the dip of the bed, 150 yards, and then ascend a pit by stairs or ladders 117 ft., no less than 24 times during a day of 10 hours." Formerly the colliers of England were practically serfs, and kept in a state of bondage to the proprietors of the collieries where they were born. They were held to be part of the establishment for carrying on the coal mines, and if the mines were leased the colliers were included in the lease. In the sparks from a circular wheel armed with steel striking against flints; as "trappers to open and shut the many doors then used to regulate and guide the air currents; to blow the small fans often used to convey air to points beyond the range of the air currents; and to "put" or push the bogies. But for the last 20 years boys under 12 years of age have been pro habeas corpus act it was declared "that this present act was in no way to be extended to colliers and salters." But in 1775 an act of parliament declared that colliers and salters were no longer "transferable with the collieries and salt works;" and upon certain conditions they were to be gradually emancipated, while others were prevented from coming into such a state of servitude. Even after the gen-hibited from working in the British coal mines. eral introduction of the steam engine at the British mines, for raising coal and hoisting or pumping water (though pumps were seldom used until a much later day), women were employed to convey the coal from the mines to the bottom of the pit, a distance of from 100 to 300 yards, with loads of 100 or 150 pounds in bags on their backs, traversing a total distance of nearly 10 miles a day in going and returning. About this time wheelbarrows were also used, and afterward sleds or cauves, " which were pulled by women or boys; and at a still later day "bogies," pushed or pulled by boys, were introduced. These were provided with narrow tram wheels, which ran in grooved rails of wood. Boys of very tender age were employed in the British mines up to a late date to work the "steel mills," which gave light by the production of In Belgium, however, both women and children are still employed in and about the mines. Wages are so small that it requires the united exertions of fathers, mothers, and children to earn a livelihood.—In England, Belgium, and France, most of the coal lies deep below water level, and can only be reached by expensive pits, which are owned and worked by wealthy proprietors or large companies. In the older mining districts, where the outcrop coal has been long since exhausted, or partially worked by the old methods, in which from half to two thirds of the coal was lost, these pits are constantly growing deeper, and now reach a great depth. W. W. Smith states that a coal pit exists in the province of Hainaut in Belgium, at the colliery des Viviers at Gilly, near Charleroi, which has been sunk 3,411 ft. We do not know that coal has been mined at that 1, 2, 3, &c., pits; a, coal measures; b, Permian; c, cretaceous, &c.; d, slip dike; e, trap dike; g, trap dike; h, Devonian; i, Silurian; k, Cambrian; m, gneiss; n, granite. depth, however. In many cases these pits penetrate the overlying Permian formation, beneath which most of the carboniferous formations of England and France are concealed, and where the existence of coal was formerly doubted. Indeed, more than two thirds of the English coal measures are supposed to lie beneath the more recent rocks; while over 40,000 sq. m. of France is covered by the Permian, triassic, cretaceous, and tertiary formations, beneath which coal may exist; or, if it does not exist, it is the exception and not the rule. The geological order of the sedimentary rocks requires the existence of the carboniferous below the Permian; and as far as we know, from their outcrop and from the evidence of the deepest pit yet sunk, this succession does in fact prevail, though there may be localities in which the regular order is interrupted. This alone would create doubt, and make the most enterprising cautious. Yet, step by step, the miners of England have approached this doubtful ground, and are now 2,000 ft. beneath the Permian rocks, where no one but William Smith, the father of English geology, ever dreamed of looking for coal in his day. And this advance into unknown ground will doubt less be continued until the deep coal beds, re- one direction, or that may be nearly horizon- | 2,000 ft. below the Ohio river, near the mouth tal. These elevations and depressions thus formed in the coal beds are locally termed saddles, horsebacks, swells, troubles, &c.; b C FIG. 5.-Alleghany Coal Measures. a, location of drift; a', improper location; b, location of slope; b', location of tunnel; c, location of pit. of the Great Kanawha, which is considerably deeper than the lowest coals of the central coal field in Indiana, Illinois, or Kentucky, but much less than the deepest coals of the western coal field in Kansas and Colorado, where the lower coal measures are probably 5,000 ft. beneath the tertiary rocks. In the Pennsylvania anthracite fields, however, we find still greater diversity of mining operations as the necessary results of a contorted or highly plicated form of stratification, in which the undulations of dip are most extreme and irregular. where they are frequent they interfere seri- In these anthracite coal basins every known ously with the drainage. In locating col- plan of drift, tunnel, slope, and shaft is emlieries these peculiarities of dip are important ployed. When the coal beds exist in the hills questions, which may generally be determined above the water level, drifts and counterby surface indications, when the coal beds and drifts, or upper levels, are used where the outaccompanying strata are above the water level. crop of the bed is exposed in an available loYet hundreds of thousands of dollars are fre- cality; otherwise tunnels are made at the lowquently expended in building railroads, houses, est practicable point. In these basins the coal and other colliery appurtenances, before these beds usually incline at high angles of dip. preliminary investigations are made, and when However high the mountain may be on which it is too late to remedy the great inconve- they crop out, it is rare that they do not dip niences entailed. Many instances of this kind below the water level or into the basins at the might be cited in the Alleghany coal field and base of the mountain; and still more seldom elsewhere. One on the Philadelphia and Erie are the beds found in horizontal strata, except railroad involved $500,000 of useless expendi- in the synclinals or at the bottom of the basins, ture. The drift should always be located at where they often occur in horizontal position the lowest available point of dip (a, fig. 5); before curving to the opposite dip. The great but if the lowest point to which mining opera- basins of the anthracite fields are generally tions should extend cannot be reached by bordered by parallel mountain ranges, against drift, started on the outcrop of the bed and the sides of which the coal beds crop out. continued horizontally in the same, a tunnel These mountains, particularly in the interior may be made use of commencing in the rocky of the fields, are cut through by numerous strata above or below the coal bed, in order to watercourses, which form gaps or gorges at reach the bed horizontally, and secure natural right angles to the strike of the strata, and in drainage. When this mode is not available, these the outcrops of the coal beds descend to the slope or the shaft method is resorted to. the water level. Thus the broken ends of the In many parts of the Alleghany coal field and strata are exposed, and in these most of the its outlying basins the most productive beds drift collieries of the anthracite basins have of coal are on or near the tops of mountains, been located. But when the outcrops are not or at a considerable elevation above the val- thus exposed, and the elevation of the outcrop leys. In these situations locomotive railroads is sufficiently high above water level, the coal are impracticable, and inclined planes are beds are cut by tunnels which penetrate the used; they are operated by gravity, the load-base of the mountains at right angles to the ed cars in descending drawing up the empty cars. On the Youghiogeny, Pa., and in the Frostburg, Md., mining districts, this form of colliery establishment is in general use; 1,000 FIG. 6.-Incline and Drifts. tons of coal per day are sometimes run over a single double-track plane. The most elevated coal of the Alleghany field is about 2,300 ft. above tide, while the lowest is probably strike of the strata. When the coal is thus exhausted above the natural drainage, or when the amount of available coal above water level will not justify the expense of a tunnel, the slope method is generally adopted, particularly where the angle of dip is great. The slope is always formed in the coal, except when the undulations of dip require it to pass a short distance in the overlying or underlying strata. In this respect, technically speaking, the slope differs from the oblique or underlying shaft, which penetrates the rocky strata to reach the coal; though generally a shaft is perpendicular, however the strata may dip.-In addition to these peculiarities of the Pennsylvania anthracite formations and the consequent form of the mines and methods of development, a singular feature of the colliery establishments is the immense and costly structures known as breakers. These are generally masses of |