949 of oats, 45,996 of sweet potatoes, 15,845 lbs. of rice, 42,366 of wool, 261 bales of cotton, and 12,231 gallons of molasses. There were 403 horses, 3,925 milch cows, 10,384 other cattle, 16,036 sheep, and 12,779 swine. Capital, Douglas. II. A S. E. county of Alabama, watered by Pea river; pop. in 1870, 6,171, of whom 1,020 were colored. The former area was 900 sq. m., but portions have been taken to form Crenshaw and Geneva counties. The surface is somewhat hilly, and the soil generally poor. Pine timber grows in great abundance. The chief productions in 1870 were 121,352 bushels of Indian corn, 28,254 of sweet potatoes, 2,004 bales of cotton, 13,098 gallons of molasses, and 8,975 lbs. of rice. There were 617 horses, 2,142 milch cows, 5,346 other cattle, 4,059 sheep, and 9,433 swine. Capital, Elba. III. A central county of Tennessee; area, 320 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 10,237, of whom 1,501 were colored. It has an elevated and hilly surface, and a fertile soil. It is traversed by the McMinnville and Manchester railroad. The principal productions in 1870 were 43,075 bushels of wheat, 10,226 of rye, 309,503 of Indian corn, 25,462 of oats, and 30 bales of cotton. There were 2,506 horses, 1,881 milch cows, 2,979 other cattle, 8,107 sheep, and 17,226 swine; 3 flour mills, 5 saw mills, 1 paper mill, 1 distillery, and 2 wool-carding and clothdressing establishments. Capital, Manchester. COFFEY, a S. E. county of Kansas, intersected by the Neosho river; area, 576 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 6,201. The Missouri, Kansas, and Texas railroad crosses it. The chief productions in 1870 were 47,745 bushels of wheat, 268,218 of Indian corn, 90,190 of oats, 26,879 of potatoes, 14,275 tons of hay, 140,602 lbs. of butter, and 36,702 of wool. There were 2,762 horses, 3,459 milch cows, 6,247 other cattle, 11,917 sheep, and 2,855 swine; 5 manufactories of carriages and wagons, 3 of saddlery and harness, I of woollen goods, 2 flour mills, and 7 saw mills. Capital, Burlington. COFFIN, Sir Isaac, an English admiral, born in Boston, Mass., May 16, 1759, died at Cheltenham, Eng., July 23, 1839. He was educated at the public schools in Boston, and having entered the British navy as midshipman in 1773, under the patronage of Admiral Montagu, served in various ships on the American station, being finally attached to the Romney, flag ship of his patron, off Newfoundland. In 1778 he was appointed lieutenant, and in 1781 commander. On March 16, 1781, he acted as signal lieutenant to Admiral Arbuthnot in the action off Cape Henry, and in 1782 was present as a volunteer under Admiral Hood in the engagement between Rodney and De Grasse. In 1788, irritated at having been deprived of his commission for an informality then common in the service, he went to Brabant and gave his aid to the patriots. The sentence against him was soon reversed, and he reëntered the British navy with his former rank. In attempting to save the life of a sailor who fell overboard he received an injury which incapacitated him from active duty, and was placed in charge of the depot at Leith; thence was sent commissioner to Corsica; thence to Elba; subsequently to Lisbon as head of the naval establishment there; and in 1798, when Minorca fell into the hands of the English, he was appointed superintendent of the arsenal at Port Mahon. In 1804 he was advanced to the rank of rear admiral of the blue; next year was made a baronet; in 1808 vice admiral, and in 1814 admiral. In 1818 he was elected member of parliament for Ilchester, and retained his seat till the dissolution in 1826. His speeches were chiefly on naval affairs, and distinguished for blunt, sailor-like honesty, with a strong vein of facetiousness. He always retained a warm affection for his native city, and visited it many times. In 1826 he founded a school in Nantucket, still called by his name. COFFIN, James Henry, an American mathematician, born in Northampton, Mass., Sept. 6, 1806, died in Easton, Pa., Feb. 6, 1873. He graduated at Amherst college in 1838, was afterward professor in Williams college till 1843, and superintended the establishment of Greylock observatory, on the mountain of that name in western Massachusetts, with the first combined self-registering aërometer and barometer. He was professor of mathematics and astronomy in Lafayette college, Easton, Pa., from 1846 till his death. He published "Solar and Lunar Eclipses,' "A Discussion on the Meteoric Fire Ball," and "Winds of the Northern Hemisphere" (issued by the Smithsonian institution, 1851; enlarged and revised, 1873). COGALNICEANO, or Cogalnitchanu, Michael, a Roumanian historian and statesman, born about 1806. He filled the newly established chair of history at Jassy, founded scientific, literary, and political journals, promoted the emancipation of the gypsies, and became prominent, under Prince Alexander Cuza's administration, in the legislature and as minister for Moldavia. After the union of Wallachia and Moldavia in December, 1861, he became prime minister, and was the chief promoter of the new electoral law of May 14, 1864, and of the arbitrary constitution; but he was obliged to retire shortly before the forced abdication of Cuza, Feb. 23, 1866. He was chiefly instrumental in the foundation of the university at Jassy. He has since been reëlected to the chamber, and under Prince Charles was minister of the interior from November, 1868, to Jan. 24, 1870. He has published Histoire de la Valachie et de la Moldavie (Berlin, 1837); Archiva romanesca (1841); and Letopisitz, a collection of Roumanian historical documents (3 vols., Jassy, 1845–’52). COGHETTI, Francesco, an Italian painter, born in Bergamo, Oct. 4, 1804. in Bergamo, Oct. 4, 1804. He studied in that city under Diotti, and in Rome under Camuccini, and executed various fine altarpieces for churches in Bergamo, which led to his being employed upon paintings for the cathedral and other buildings. For the villa Torlonia at Rome he painted the exploits of Alexander the Great, and he also embellished Prince Torlonia's villa at Castel-Gandolfo and his palace at Rome. In his frescoes in the basilica of Savona and many of his oil paintings, including the "Condemnation of St. Stephen," which procured for him an order of knighthood, he has closely imitated the old masters; and he stands at the head of a new school, which strives to revive the classical style of painting. COGNAC, a town of France, in the department of Charente, 22 m. W. of Angoulême; pop. in 1866, 9,412. It is situated upon an eminence on the left bank of the Charente, and is well built. It enjoys a great celebrity on account of the brandy to which it has given its name. All the brandy of Charente and Charente-Inférieure is sold as Cognac, but the genuine article is made in the immediate vicinity of the town; the best second qualities are produced at Blanzac, Jarnac, Rouillac, Aigre, and Ruffec. The whole trade in brandy amounts to about 80,000,000 francs annually.. The town also has a trade in cattle, sheep, grain, spirits, and truffles. An ancient castle, in which Francis I. was born, is now used for a brandy warehouse. COGNATES, in Scotch law, collateral kindred on the mother's side, as agnates are collateral kindred on the father's side. The terms were employed in the Roman civil law somewhat differently, agnates being persons related through males only, while cognates might trace relationship through one or more female links. Thus, a brother's son was the uncle's agnate, but a sister's son was his cognate. Generally speaking, however, cognates were all who were descended from a common ancestor through a legal marriage, and the term included agnates also. COGNIARD, Théodore, a French playwright, born April 30, 1806, died in Paris, May 25, 1872. With his surviving brother, HIPPOLYTE (born Nov. 20, 1807), he wrote hundreds of vaudevilles and fairy plays, many of which had a great run, especially La biche aux bois. He brought into vogue the opera bouffe. Of fenbach's Belle-Hélène, Barbe-bleue, Grande Duchesse, and Périchole were first performed under his sole direction at the Variétés theatre, his brother Hippolyte having retired in 1869. COGNOVIT, a plea in an action at law which admits the cause of action, and expresses, or by implication consents that judgment may be entered up for the plaintiff. In a suit to recover damages, the plea may or may not admit the amount due. If it does, and the plaintiff accepts the admission, he may enter up judgment therefor. If it does not, there must be an assessment of damages by court or jury. A warrant of attorney for the execution of a cognovit is sometimes demanded and taken when a debt is created; and by means of it, if payment is not made, judgment may be entered up without delay. COGSWELL, Joseph Green, LL. D., an American scholar, born at Ipswich, Mass., Sept. 27, 1786, died in Cambridge, Mass., Nov. 26, 1871. After graduating at Harvard college in 1806, he made a voyage to India as supercargo of a vessel, and on his return studied law with Fisher Ames in Dedham. He commenced the practice of law at Belfast, Maine, where he married a daughter of Gov. Gilman of New Hampshire. Her death, and a distaste for the profession, led him to abandon it, and to accept in 1814 a position as tutor at Cambridge. In 1816 he visited Europe, and joined his friends Edward Everett and George Ticknor in studies at Göttingen and other German universities, and in travelling on the continent. He remained abroad about four years, giving special attention to the principles of instruction and education, and already entertained the idea of forming a great public library in the United States. Returning home in 1820, he was appointed professor of mineralogy and geology and librarian in Harvard college. In 1823 he united with George Bancroft in founding the Round Hill school at Northampton, Mass. The plan of this institution had been suggested by observation of the best English and German preparatory schools, and during the five years that Dr. Cogswell was associate head of it, and for about the same period during which he conducted it alone, it attracted students from every part of the country, and exerted an important influence in advancing the standard of American education. After leaving Northampton he had charge of a similar institution in Raleigh, N. C.; but prior to 1839 he settled in New York city, where he became editor of the "New York Review." Being introduced by Fitz-Greene Halleck to John Jacob Astor, he soon became interested and engaged in the great work of his later years. During the closing years of Mr. Astor's life Dr. Cogswell was in daily intercourse with him, living, at his request, in his house as his friend and companion, and arranging the plans and selecting the titles of the books for the great library which it was Mr. Astor's purpose to endow. It was the unnoticed preparatory labors of many years which gave to the Astor library, so soon after the realization of its endowment, its complete and orderly development. Dr. Cogswell was appointed by Mr. Astor one of the trustees of the fund, and designated by the trustees as superintendent of the library before its opening. He made three visits to Europe, examining the principal libraries and book marts of the old world, and collecting the books for the Astor library. The character of the collection demonstrates his appreciation of the value of all branches of knowledge, and his liberal sympathy with every intellectual pursuit. He presented to the Astor library his own bibliographical collection, which was one of the largest and most valuable in this country. He had previously united with Mr. Andrew Ritchie in purchasing in Germany, and presenting to Harvard college, a cabinet of about 5,000 minerals; and had made to the botanic garden at Cambridge a donation of nearly 4,000 very choice specimens of dried plants of central Europe, which, with the assistance of Mr. Seringe of Bern, he had collected in Switzerland. During Dr. Cogswell's active superintendency of the Astor library, he prepared a valuable alphabetical and analytical catalogue of its contents, which was published in eight large volumes, displaying his extraordinary knowledge of the history, comparative value, and significance of the books he had collected. He continued to perform the active duties of superintendent with singular industry and fidelity, until the pressure of advancing years induced him to retire in 1860. Two years later, having changed his residence to Cambridge, Mass., he resigned the office of trustee. After that time it was his habit to make annual visits of several weeks to his friends in New York. While his physical strength gradually failed, his intellectual powers remained unimpaired to the advanced age of 85, and his sparkling conversation was as interesting as in earlier years. His remains were interred in his native place, where a handsome monument is to be erected by his Round Hill pupils, to testify their affection for their old friend and instructor. He bequeathed one fourth of his moderate fortune to the Manning school of Ipswich, Mass. to be under the influence of two opposing forces, which under varying conditions alternate with each other in preponderance. One of these forces is molecular attraction, and the other is molecular repulsion. The first is exerted only at inappreciably small distances, but the laws by which it is governed are not known. Repulsion is exerted at greater distances, and is principally controlled by the action of heat, increasing as the heat increases, the abstraction or addition of this agent being usually sufficient to cause matter to assume either the solid, liquid, or gaseous form. Molecular attraction manifests itself in three ways, by cohesion, by adhesion, and by chemical affinity. The degree of cohesion in the same solid depends much upon the arrangement of its particles, as may be observed in the different degrees of hardness between tempered and untempered steel, and the difference in tenacity of metals in ingots or in hammered or rolled plates. The distinction between cohesion and adhesion is not always easily to be established. Adhesion is commonly spoken of as existing between the particles of dissimilar bodies, but it is more accurately defined by calling it that molecular force which holds two distinct bodies together, whether they are of the same substance or not. If two pieces of lead have plane surfaces cut upon them, and these are firmly pressed toCOHASSET, a town of Norfolk co., Massa- gether, they will continue to be so held by the chusetts, on the South Shore railroad, 15 m. force of adhesion (independently of atmospheric S. E. of Boston; pop. in 1870, 2,130. It pressure), and not of cohesion, because that borders N. E. and E. on Massachusetts bay, term cannot strictly be applied except when and is surrounded on all other sides by Ply- such a union has taken place as to render the mouth co., being separated on the west by structure continuous between the original Hingham from the main body of Norfolk ço. bodies. To consider, also, cohesion as only The peninsula of Nantasket, constituting the capable of existing between particles of the main portion of the town of Hull, and forming same kind, would lead to conclusions that canthe S. E. side of Boston harbor, projects N. W. not well be maintained, because in an alloy of from Cohasset about 5 m., and contains Nan- two or more metals, even when they are not tasket beach, 4 m. in length, which is much mingled in the proportions of their atomic resorted to for its beauty, fine shell fish, sea weights, it seems proper to consider the parfowl, and good bathing. The coast of Cohas- ticles as being held together by the force of set is very rocky, and is noted as the site cohesion. As has been intimated, the laws of Minot's ledge lighthouse. The Conohasset which govern molecular attraction are so imriver, which anciently formed the boundary perfectly understood that the relations between between Plymouth and Massachusetts colonies, cohesion, adhesion, and chemical affinity canflows through a portion of the town. In the not be stated. The last named force is exerted S. W. part is a pond of 90 acres, abounding in between atoms or molecules of matter which fresh-water fish. The situation of the town is are not of the same kind; it is manifested delightful and romantic, and its ready access with more intensity than is observed in the from Boston has rendered it a popular summer phenomena of cohesion and adhesion, and is resort. The inhabitants are chiefly engaged in also followed by a more intimate union of the mackerel fishing and the coasting trade. Co- particles, by which the formation of a new hasset until 1770 formed a part of Hingham, body, unlike in its physical properties either and was called Conohasset, an Indian name of those of which it is composed, is accomsignifying a fishing promontory. plished. Heat exerts a remarkable influence upon these forces, and indicates the differences which exist in their nature. Adhesion does not seem to be so uniformly diminished by its action as cohesion, for the adhesion between substances is often increased thereby, while cohesion is constantly diminished. Chemical affinity is also generally increased with the increase of heat, certainly while union is taking COHESION, that kind of attraction by which the particles of bodies are held together, as the molecules of water, of iron, or of stone. It is manifested in a high degree in solids, less in liquids, and but very little or not at all in gases. The molecules of which bodies are composed would seem, from the various phenomena observed in nature and in experiments, dropped into it, will cause the immediate manifestation of intense cohesive force and the formation of ice. It would therefore appear that the molecules of a liquid may have slight cohesive attraction for each other, even when the temperature is sufficient to cause repulsion between the particles of its vapor; and also that when the freezing point is reached, the cohesion may not be sensibly increased until some disturbing cause operates. The modifications of cohesive attraction are the cause of those different properties of bodies which are called tenacity, hardness, ductility, and elasticity, and will be treated under their appropriate heads, and in the article STRENGTH OF MATERIALS. COHOES, a city of Albany co., New York, on the right bank of the Mohawk river, at its confluence with the Hudson, and on the Erie canal near its junction with the Champlain canal, 8 m. N. of Albany; pop. in 1850, 4,229; in 1860, 8,800; and in 1870, 15,357, of whom 7,947 were natives and 7,410 foreigners. Cohoes falls, 70 ft. in perpendicular height, and remarkable for their picturesque beauty, are just above the city. The Albany division of the Rensselaer and Saratoga railroad and the Troy and Schenectady (New York Central) railroad pass through Cohoes, and horse cars run to Troy. Among the public buildings, the Roman Catholic church of St. Bernard, built of brick, with high towers, is particularly worthy of mention. It cost $100,000, is finely decorated within, and is furnished with a chime of bells. The Episcopal church of St. John, with the parsonage connected, is of Schenectady blue stone, and cost $75,000. Each of the stained windows illustrates one of the figures in Revelations; and being formed of hammered or rolled glass, by which the light is reflected rather than place, whatever may be its effect upon the compound after union; but that heat has the power of diminishing the affinity with which the atoms of a compound are held together is shown by its decomposing action on some of the metallic oxides, as those of silver and mercury. The manifestations of chemical affinity between two uniting bodies are no doubt often heightened by the application of heat, in consequence of its diminishing the cohesion or increasing the repulsion between the molecules of each of such uniting bodies. The conversion of water into steam is an example of the neutralization of the force of cohesion by the application of heat, without any appreciable diminution of the force of chemical affinity. The cohesive force of the atoms or the molecules of bodies depends on their distance from one another, decreasing as the distance increases, and disappearing entirely when that becomes sensible; but the law by which the decrease takes place is not known. It has been questioned, however, whether molecular attraction may not follow the law of attraction of gravitation, varying inversely as the squares of the distance; or, in other words, whether the two are not modifications of the same force. Under this assumption the explanation of the cessation of cohesive attraction at sensible distances is furnished by the obvious fact that any sensible distance is almost infinitely so much greater than the distance between the centres of the adjacent atoms or molecules of a solid or liquid, that the difference in the attractive forces becomes practically infinite. The question as to the amount of cohesive force which exists between the molecules of liquids is attended with difficulty. The fact that water will boil in a vacuum at a low temperature might suggest the inference that there exists no positive co-transmitted, they possess great brilliancy and hesive force between its particles; but the depth of color.-Cohoes derives its importance formation of spherical drops of water is op- from the extent of its manufactures, ample posed to such a conclusion. Again, when a water power being supplied by the falls. The liquid boils in the open air it is usually con- Cohoes company, organized in 1826, and havsidered that the repulsion between the mole- ing a capital of $500,000, owns the entire water cules is sufficient to overcome the pressure of power of the river from half a mile above the the atmosphere, and therefore it would appear falls to a mile below, the total fall in this disas if there were no cohesive attraction between tance being 120 ft. A stone dam, 1,443 ft. them; but the irregularity with which ebulli- long, was built in 1865 above the falls, at a tion takes place under certain circumstances, cost of $180,000. cost of $180,000. This structure was preceded as when the air which is usually contained by a series of wooden dams, the first of which in water has been expelled, would seem to was erected in 1831. The water is used in confirm the opinion that in reality there are five successive canals, having falls of 18 to 25 present both attractive and repulsive forces, ft.; and again from the level of the state dam bewhich alternate in predominance; the attrac- low the falls, which was built to supply the tive force predominating when the molecules canal at this point. The water power is leased are within certain distances, especially when by the company at the rate of $20 a year for they are comparatively at rest, and the re- each horse power, including the necessary land. pulsive force predominating when the distances The Harmony company, having a capital of are deranged by motion, or increased by the in- $2,000,000, owns all the cotton factories in Cotrusion of particles of vapor or air. (See BOIL- hoes, and its mills, comprising six distinct factoING POINT.) Moreover, water may be consider-ries, are the largest in the city, the most recent ably reduced in temperature below its freezing containing 2,700 looms and 130,000 spindles. point without congelation taking place, when a One of these mills (the first in the United States) jar given to the vessel, or a pebble or crystal | has lately been supplied with machinery for | making cotton printing cloths of a yard in width, having the same texture as those of the English mills. In 1871, 4,400 looms and 230,000 spindles were in operation in all the mills; the number of hands was 3,100, of whom two thirds were women and girls; number of water wheels, 15, of 3,000 horse power. To July 1 of that year $1,750,000 had been expended for machinery and $2,275,000 for real estate. The average monthly product is 5,500,000 yards of cloth. In 1870, 52,342,000 yards were manufactured, worth $4,053,254; amount of cotton consumed, 9,012,000 lbs., worth $2,545,887; wages paid, $855,350. The company have recently erected a large brick depot on the New York Central railroad, capable of containing 15,000 bales of cotton. They own large storehouses, and 700 or 800 dwellings occupied by their employees, which are situated on wide streets, regularly laid out, well paved, lighted with gas, and bordered with trees. Knit goods, including undershirts, drawers, and stockings, are a prominent feature of the industry of Cohoes, which produces a third of all the hosiery manufactured in the country. In 1870 there were 18 knitting mills, with an aggregate capital of $1,157,000, requiring 1,066 horse power; amount of wages paid, $535,362; value of materials used, 1,394,948; value of products, $2,345,226. The first knitting mill in the United States was established here in 1832, but it is only within a few years that the business has assumed its present proportions. The Cohoes rolling mill occupies an area of 500 by 160 ft., and produces shafting, bar and band iron, and a superior quality of axe, pick, and mattock poles, as well as an excellent iron for tool makers, which is said to have superseded to some extent the Norway iron formerly used. In 1870 this establishment produced 2,500 tons of band iron and 8,000 axe poles, of the aggregate value of $299,000. There are two axe factories, producing articles to the value of $380,000. The Empire pin company has a capital of $25,000, and in 1870 manufactured 175,000 packages of pins, worth $38,359. A new factory 40 by 100 ft., and six stories high, has recently been erected by the company. The Cohoes knittingneedle factory in 1870 produced 2,804,000 dozen needles, worth $14,450. Besides the establishments mentioned, there are two founderies, three machine shops, a planing mill, a sawing and bevelling establishment, a paper mill, and manufactories of straw board, bedsteads, and tape. The city contains two banks, with an aggregate capital of $350,000. It is divided into four wards, and is governed by a mayor, who, together with the board of aldermen, consisting of two members from each ward, constitute the common council. The public schools, under the control of two commissioners in each ward, are 22 in number, including a high school, and have 28 teachers and 1,430 pupils. There are night schools for the operatives. The Harmony company sup ports a Sunday school, which has an average attendance of 420 pupils, and is.furnished with an elegant school room, a library of 1,800 volumes, and a well appointed reading room. There are also several parish schools, and two weekly newspapers. There are 7 churches, of which 2 are Roman Catholic. One of the Catholic churches is supported by French Canadians, who are largely represented among the mill hands.-Previous to 1811 the site of Cohoes was a barren waste. In that year the Cohoes manufacturing company was incorporated, "for the purpose of manufacturing cotton, woollen, and linen goods, bar iron, nail rods, hoop iron, and ironmongery;" but it failed about 15 years later. In 1831 the population of the neighborhood did not exceed 150. It was incorporated as a village in 1848, and as a city in 1869. COHORT, in Roman antiquity, a division of an army, comprising three maniples or six centuries, and being the tenth part of a legion. It contained from 400 to 600 men, according to the number in the legion. There was one cohort (cohors milliaria) which had precedence over the others, and consisted of 1,000 select men. It marched in the van, carried the eagle, and was commanded by a tribune of approved valor. Marius, who during the wars with the Cimbri introduced tactical reforms into the Roman army, was the first who organized the legion into ten cohorts. The prætorian cohorts were the special guards successively of the generals, triumvirs, and emperors, and exerted great influence during the decline of the empire. Augustus organized nine of them, which he retained as a standing army in the vicinity of Rome, under the command of two prefects. Tiberius placed them under a single prefect, and gave them a fortified camp within the walls. (See PRÆTORIANS.)—When Napoleon organized the legion of honor, he divided it into 16 cohorts. COHOSH, an Indian name applied to cimicifuga racemosa (Gray), or black snakeroot, a plant of Cohosh (Actæa spicata). the order ranunculaceæ. Two varieties of actœa spicata are known respectively as red and white cohosh. The black snakeroot has a perennial root and herbaceous stem, which rises to the height of 4 to 8 ft., and grows in shady woods from Canada to Florida. Its physiological action has not been well determined, but it is regarded as a stimulant tonic, and is said to diminish |