pended, which position he held until the November following, when the Senate refused to sanction the suspension of Mr. Stanton; and by the "Republican National Convention" of 1868, held in Chicago, he was nominated by acclamation for the office of President of the United States.

THOMAS, LORENZO -He was born in Newcastle, Delaware, October 26, 1804; graduated at the West Point Academy, in 1823, as Second Lieutenant of the Fourth Infantry and served as such in Florida among the Creek Indians, and in Washington; was commissioned a Captain in 1836; in 1838 was appointed Assistant Adjutant-General with the brevet rank of Major; was Chief of Staff in the Florida war in 1833; was brevetted Lieutenant-Colonel in 1846, for "gallant and meritorious conduct" at Monterey, in Mexico; in 1848 he was made Assistant Adjutant-General, with the rank of LieutenantColonel, and assigned to duty in Washington; and from 1848 to 1861 he was Chief of Staff under General Scott, commanding the army at New York City. In 1861 he was appointed Adjutant-General of the army, with the brevet of Colonel, and was, in the same year, brevetted a Brigadier-General; in 1863 he was assigned to the special duty of organizing colored troops in the South-west, and subsequently performed a number of inspection tours connected with the Provost-Marshals, and with the national cemeteries of the United States. On the 22d of February, 1868, he received, from President Johnson, the appointment of Secretary of War, ad interim, but Secretary Stanton refused to vacate the office, and the conflict of authority thus occurring continued until May 26, when Mr. Stanton retired from the War Department. It was the appointment of General Thomas as Secretary of War, ad interim, by President Johnson, upon which the articles of Impeachment, presented by the House of Representatives, were grounded, and of the leading charges in which, after due trial, the President was acquitted.

EXECUTIVE OFFICERS OF THE CIVIL SERVICE.

[OFFICIALLY PREPARED FOR THIS VOLUME.]

While the Constitution specifies no man as an executive officer excepting the Presi dent, his Cabinet Ministers have always shared the title with him; but the real execu tive officers of the General Government are the men who have charge of the bureaus of the several departments. They are the men, moreover, with whom the people come more directly in contact while attending to business in Washington, and the following is an authentic list of such officers who have held appointments since the foundation of the government. And here the compiler desires to make the statement that where the dates are omitted it is because the records of the offices are incomplete; and also that it ' has been impossible for him to separate the dates of appointment from those of confirmation by the Senate.

DEPARTMENT OF STATE.

Assistant Secretaries.-A. Dudley Mann, March 23, 1853. William Hunter, May 8, 1855. John Addison Thomas, November 1, 1855. John Appleton, April 4, 1857. Frederick W. Seward (present incumbent), March 6, 1831. William Hunter (Second Assistant and present incumbent), July 27, 1866.

TREASURY DEPARTMENT.

Assistant Secretaries.-Tench Coxe (office abolished June 30, 1792), September 11, 1789. Charles B. Penrose, March 12, 1849. Allen A. Hall, October 10, 1849. William L. Hodge, November 16, 1850. Peter G. Washington. March 4, 1853. Philip Clayton, March 13, 1857. George Harrington, March 13, 1861. Manuel B. Field, March 18. 1864. William E. Chandler, June 5, 1865. John F. Hartley, July 11, 1865. Edmund Cooper, November, 1867.

Comptrollers.-Nicholas Eveleigh. September 11, 1789. Oliver Wolcott, Jr., June 17, 1791. Jonathan Jackson, February 25, 1795. John Davis, June 26, 1795. John Steele, July 1, 1796. Gabriel Duval, December 15, 1802. Richard Rush, November 22, 1811. Ezekiel Bacon, February 11, 1814. Joseph Anderson, February 28, 1815. George Wolf, June 18, 1836. James N. Barker, February 23, 1838. Walter Forward, April 6, 1841. James W. McCulloh, April 1, 1842. Elisha Whittlesey, May 31, 1849. William Medill, May 1, 1857. Elisha Whittlesey (reappointed), April 10, 1861. Robert W. Taylor (present incumbent), January 14, 1863.

Second Comptrollers.-Richard Cutts, March 22, 1817. Isaac Hill, March 21, 1829. James B. Thornton, July 14, 1830. Albion K. Parris, August 20, 1836. Hiland Hall, November 29, 1850. E. J. Phelps, October 1, 1851. John M. Brodhead, February 14, 1853. James Madison Cutts, October 9, 1857. John M. Brodhead (reappointed and present incumbent), June 30, 1863.

Commissioners of Customs.-Charles W. Rockwell, March 16, 1849. Hugh J. Anderson, March 23, 1853. Samuel Ingham, February 3, 1858. Nathan Sargent (present incumbent), May 14, 1861.

First Auditors.-Oliver Wolcott, Jr., September 11, 1789. William Smith, Jr., July 16, 1791. Richard Harrison, November 29, 1791. Jesse Miller, December 27, 1836. Tully R. Wise, June 17, 1842. William Collins, July 24, 1844. William Collins, December 31, 1844. John C. Clarke, August.2, 1849. Thomas L. Smith, October 31, 1849. Thomas L. Smith (present incumbent), July 23, 1850.

Second Auditors.-William Lee, March 6, 1817. William B. Lewis, March 19, 1830. John McCalla, March 29, 1845. Philip Clayton, April 9, 1849. Thomas J. D. Fuller, February 3, 1858. Ezra B. French (present incumbent), August 3, 1861.

Third Auditors.-Peter Haguer, March 6, 1817. John S. Gallaher, October 22, 1849. Johu S. Gallaher, August 31, 1850. Francis Burt, April 6, 1853. Robert J. Atkinson, August 28, 1854. Robert J. Atkinson, February 19, 1855. Elijah Sells, July 18, 1864. John Wilson (present incumbent), October 28, 1864.

Fourth Auditors.-William Winder (called accountant of the navy), July 16, 1798. Thomas Turner (called accountant of the navy), January, 1800. Constant Freeman (called accountant of the navy), February, 1816. Constant Freeman (Auditor), March 6, 1817. William P. Van Ness, May 26, 1824. William Lee, February to June, 1824. Tobias Watkins, January 3, 1825. Amos Kendall, May 10, 1830. John C. Pickett, January 5, 1836. Aaron O. Dayton, June 9, 1838. A. J. O'Bannon, March 1, 1859. Taliaferro Hunter, August 15, 1860. Hobart Berrian, May 4, 1861. Stephen J. W. Tabor (present incumbent), January 18, 1864.

Fifth Auditors.-Stephen Pleasanton, March 6, 1817. Josiah Minot, March 3, 1855. Murray McConnell, August 1, 1855. Bartholomew Fuller, March 1, 1859. John C. Underwood, July 31, 1861. Charles M. Walker (present incumbent), August 31, 1863. Sixth Auditors.-Charles K. Gardner, July 2, 1836. Elisha Whittlesey, March 19, 1841. Mathew St. Clair Clark, December 19, 1843. Peter G. Washington, March 26, 1845. John W. Farrelly, November 5, 1849. William F. Phillips, April 7, 1853. Thomas M. Tate, October 1, 1857. Green Adams, April 17, 1861. Elijah Sells, October 26, 1864. Isaac N. Arnold, April 29, 1865. Hugh J. Anderson (present incumbent), September 26, 1866.

Treasurers.-Samuel Meredith, September 11, 1789. Thomas Tudor Tucker, Jannary 1, 1801. Michael Nourse (ad. interim), May 3, 1828. William Clark, July 1, 1828. John Campbell, July 1, 1829. William Selden, July 22, 1839. William B. Randolph (ad interim), November 24, 1850. John Sloan, December 1, 1850. Samuel Casey, April 7, 1853. William B. Randolph (ad interim), December 23, 1859. William C. Price, April 4, 1860. Francis E. Spinner (present incumbent), March 22, 1861. Registers.-Joseph Nourse, September 11, 1789. Thomas L. Smith, June 1, 1829. Ransom H. Gillett, April 1, 1845. Daniel Graham, June 4, 1847. Michael Nourse (acting), March 6, 1849. Allen A. Hall, April 9, 1849. Michael Nourse (acting), January 18, 1850. Townsend Haines, February 13, 1850.. Nathan Sargent, November 1, 1851. Finley Bigger, April 20, 1853. L. E. Chittenden, April 17, 1861. Stoddard B. Colby (died in 1867), August 12, 1864. Noah L. Jeffries (present incumbent), September 3, 1867.

Comptrollers of the Currency.-Hugh McCulloch, May 9, 1863. Freeman Clarke, March 9, 1865. Samuel T. Howard (deputy), June, 1865. Hiland R. Hulburd (deputy), July 24, 1865. Hiland R. Hulburd (present incumbent), February 6, 1867.

Solicitors.-Virgil Maxey, May 20, 1830. Henry D. Gilpin, September 25, 1837. Matthew Birchard, January 19, 1840. Charles B. Penrose, September 19, 1841. Seth Barton, March 25, 1845. Ransom H. Gillett, May 27, 1847. John C. Clark, July 23, 1850. George F. Comstock, November 15, 1852. F. B. Streeter, January 23, 1854. Junius Hillyer, December 1, 1857. Edward Jordan (present incumbent), March 28, 1861.

Commissioners of Internal Revenue.-George S. Boutwell, July 17, 1862. Joseph J. Lewis, March 4, 1863. William Orton, July 1, 1865. Edward Ashton Rollins, November 1, 1865. Resigned June 8, 1868.

Director of Bureau of Statistics.-Alexander Delmar (present incumbent), 1866. Superintendents of the Coast Survey.-Alexander D. Bache (died February 17, 1867, December 12, 1843. J. E. Hilgard (assistant in charge during the illness of Professor Bache), April 11, 1882. Benjamin Peirce (present incumbent), September 27, 1867.

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR.

Assistant Secretaries.-John P. Usher, March 20, 1862. William T. Otto (present incumbent), January 28, 1863.

Commissioners of the Land Office.-Prior to April, 1812, grants of land were issued by letters patent from the Department of State, and in that year the act was passed establishing the General Land Olice. From that time it was a branch of the Treasury

Department, but when the Department of the Interior was organized the Land Office became one of its bureaus, and has so continued to the present time. As the compiler was unable to obtain an official list of commissioners, it is not certain that the following names and dates are entirely correct, but he did the best he could under the circumstances. In the Land Office itself there is no official record of those who have served as commissioners.

Edward Tiffin, May 7, 1812. Josiah Meigs, October 11, 1814. John McLean, December 24, 1822. George Graham, December 15, 1823. Elijah Hayward, December 16, 1830. Ethan A. Brown, January 5, 1836. James Whitcomb, December 27, 1836. Elisha M. Huntington, July 3, 1841. Thomas H. Blake, May 19, 1842. James Shields, April 16, 1845. Richard M. Young, January 6, 1847. Justin Butterfield, January 24, 1850. John Wilson, February 16, 1852. Thomas A. Hendricks, January 8, 1856. Joseph S. Wilson, February 23, 1860. James M. Edmunds, March 19, 1861. Joseph S. Wilson, (present incumbent), September 1, 1866.

Commissioners of the Patent Office (reorganized by law July 4, 1836). — Prior to which the heads of the office were styled Superintendents, and the men holding that office were as follows:- William Thornton, 1802; Thomas P. Jones, April 12, 1828; John D. Craig, January 1, 1830; and James C. Pickett, January 1, 1836. Henry L. Ellsworth, July 4, 1836. Edmund Burke, May 5, 1845. Thomas Ewbank, September 3, 1850. S. H. Hodges, November, 1852. Richard C. Weightman, Acting Commissioner from March 25 to May 15, 1853. Charles Mason, March 24, 1853. Samuel T. Shugert, Acting Commissioner from March 5, 1857, to September 9, 1857. Joseph Holt, September 10, 1857. Samuel T. Shugert, Acting Commissioner from March 15 to May 22, 1859. William D. Bishop, May 23, 1859. Philip F. Thomas, February 16, 1860. Samuel T. Shugert, Acting Commissioner from December 14, 1860 to March 27, 1861. David P. Holloway, March 28, 1861. Thomas C. Theaker, August 17, 1865. Resigned.

Commissioners of the Pension Office.-James L. Edwards, March 9, 1837. James E. Heath, November 27, 1850. Loren P. Waldo, March 17, 1853. Josiah Minot, January 10, 1856. George C. Whiting, January 19, 1857. Joseph H. Barrett, May 1, 1861. Resigned. Commissioners of Indian Affairs—Organized July 9, 1832.-Elbert Herring, July, 1832. Carey A. Harris, July 5, 1836. Thomas Hartley Crawford, October 22, 1838. William Medill, October 30, 1845. Orlando Brown, July 2, 1849. Luke Lea, July 2, 1850. George W. Manypenny, March 30, 1853. James W. Denver, April 17, 1857. Charles E. Mix, June 17, 1858. James W. Denver, November 8, 1858. Alfred B. Greenwood, May 13, 1859. William P. Dole, March 14, 1861. Dennis N. Cooley, July 11, 1865. Lewis V. Bogy, November 1, 1866. Nathaniel G. Taylor (present incumbent), March 27, 1867. It should be stated here that Mr. Mix has been chief clerk of the office for many years, and that his services as Acting Commissioner, at different times, would comprehend nearly four years.

Commissioner of the Public Buildings.-[From 1791 to 1802 the public buildings were under the charge of a Board of Commissioners, and the following were members of said board, namely: - Thomas Johnson, Daniel Carroll, David Stewart, Gustavus Scott, William Thornton Alexander White, William Cranch, and Tristam Dalton.] Thomas Munroe, Superintendent, June 2, 1802. Samuel Lane, date of appointment not known. Joseph Elgar, Commissioner, April 9, 1816. William Noland, February 10, 1834. Andrew Beaumont, November 5, 1846. Charles Douglass, March 3, 1847. Ignatius Mudd, July 23, 1850. William Easby, March 12, 1851. Benjamin B. French, June 30, 1853. John B. Blake, July 1, 1851. William S. Wood, July 12, 1861. Benjamin B. French, September 7, 1861.

[In February, 1867, the office of Commissioner was abolished, and provision made for detailing the Chief of the Engineer Corps to perform the duties previously devolving upon the Commissioner.]

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

[Prior to the establishment of this office on an independent footing, its affairs were under the general supervision of the Commissioner of the Patent Office, or the Secretary of the Interior Department, and its immediate head was called a Superintendent.] Commissioner.-Isaac Newton, July 1, 1862. Died. John W. Stokes, June 20, 1867 (Acting Commissioner). Horace L. Capron (present incumbent), November 29, 1867.

BUREAU OF EDUCATION.

Commissioner.-Henry Barnard (present incumbent), March, 1867.

WAR DEPARTMENT.

Assistant Secretaries.-Thomas A. Scott, March, 1861. P. H. Watson, January 22,

1862. John Tucker, January 27, 1862. C. P. Wolcott, September 1, 1862. Charles A. Dana, March 1, 1864.

NAVY DEPARTMENT.

Assistant Secretaries.-Gustavus V. Fox, July 31, 1861. (He was also additional Secretary six months (from November 26, 1866). William Faxon (present incumbent), June 1, 1866.

OFFICE OF ATTORNEY-GENERAL.

Assistant Attorneys-General-Alfred B. McCalmont, March, 1859. Titian J. Coffey, March, 1861. J. Hubley Ashton, May, 1864. John M. Binckley (present incumbent), 1867.

POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT.

Assistant Postmasters-General.-Seth Pease, in office 1816. Abraham Bradley, Jr., in office 1817. Phineas Bradley, in office 1818.

First Assistants.—Charles K. Gardner, appointed in 1829. Selah R. Hobbie, 1836. S. D. Jacobs, 1851. Selah R. Hobbie, 1853. Horatio King, 1854. St. John B. L. Skinner (acting), 1861. John A. Kasson, 1861. Alexander W. Randall, 1862. St. John B. L. Skinner (present imcumbent), 1866.

Second Assistants.-Selah R. Hobbie, 1829. Robert Johnson, 1836. Philo C. Fuller, 1841. John C. Bryan, 1842 or 1843. J. W. Tyson, 1843. N. M. Miller, 1844. William Medill, 1845. William J. Brown, 1845. Fitz Henry Warren, 1851. William H. Dundas, 1852. George W. McLellan (present incumbent), 1861.

Third Assistants.-Daniel Coleman, 1836. John S. Skinner, 1841. N. M. Miller, 1845. [For a time this office was dispensed with, and when revived the following were appointed:] John Marron (no date given). Alexander N. Zevely, 1859, (present incumbent).

SUPERINTENDENTS OF PUBLIC PRINTING.

Prior to 1819 the printing of Congress and the departments was given to the lowest bidders, and executed by contract; in that year a law was passed making it the duty of the Senate and House of Representatives to elect printers to do their work separately, and on several occasions the two houses selected the same man, or firm, who were continued from one Congress to another. The persons elected under this order of things until the natioual printing-office was established were as follows: - Gales & Seaton, S., 1820; H., 1821; S., 1835; H., 1841; S., 1843. Duff Green, S., 1831. Blair & Rives, H., 1835; H., 1837; H., 1840; H., 1843. Thomas Allen, H., 1837; S., 1841. Ritchie & Heiss, H. and S., 1845. Robert Armstrong, S., 1852. Beverly Tucker, S., 1853. A. O. P. Nicholson, H., 1844; S., 1856. Cornelius Wendell, H., 1856. William A. Harris, S., 1857. J. H. Steadman, H. 1857. George W. Bowman, S., 1860. Thomas H. Ford, H., 1860. The persons who have held the office of Superintendents of Public Printing by appointment of the President since the organization of the National Printing Bureau are as follows:-John D. Defrees, March 5, 1861. Cornelius Wendell, September 1, 1866. In February, 1867, a law was passed abolishing the title of Superintendent, and restoring that of Congressional Printer, and making the office elective by the Senate, and, on the 26th of February, 1867, John D. Defrees was elected to that office, to serve during the pleasure of the Senate.

OFFICERS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.

Secretary.-Professor Joseph Henry (present incumbent), December 3, 1846. Assistant Secretary.-Professor Spencer F. Baird (present incumbent), July 5, 1850. Regents.-Roger B. Taney, John T. Towers, James A. Pearce, James M. Mason, Stephen A. Douglas, William H. English, David Stuart, James Meacham, Gideon Hawley, J. McPherson Berrien, Richard Rush, Alexander D. Bache, Joseph G. Totten, John C. Breckinridge, Hiram Warner, Benjamin Stanton, George E. Badger, Cornelius C. Felton, W. B. Magruder, James G. Berret, Lucius J. Gartrell, Hannibal Hamlin, Richard Wallach, William Pitt Fessenden, Lyman Trumbull, Schuyler Colfax, Edward McPherson, Samuel S. Cox, William B. Astor, William L. Dayton, T. D. Woolsey, Garrett Davis, Louis Agassiz, James W. Patterson, Henry Winter Davis, Salmon P. Chase, Richard Delafield, Luke P. Poland, James A. Garfield, James F. Farnsworth, Benjamin F. Wade, J. V. L. Pryn, Peter Parker, and John Maclean. Chancellors.-Roger B. Taney, Salmon P. Chase.

Honorary Members. - Robert Hare, Washington Irving, Benjamin Silliman, Parker Cleaveland, A. B. Longstreet, Jacob Thompson, Caleb B. Smith, John P. Usher.

In addition to the above, it may be stated that the Presidents of the United States and the Vice-Presidents, the members of the Cabinet, the Commissioners of the Patent-Office, and the Mayors of the City of Washington, are members et officio cf the Institution.

PRESIDENTIAL ELECTORS.

[OFFICIALLY Pprepared for THIS WORK.]

THE election of the President and of the Vice-President, by Colleges of Electors, chosen in each State, was first proposed in the Convention for the formation of the Constitution, by James Wilson, a Delegate from Pennsylvania. It was adopted after a prolonged discussion, and was regulated by an Act of Congress, of March 1, 1792. The Electors must be chosen within thirty-four days preceding the first Wednesday of December of the year in which an election of President and Vice-President takes place. 'They must be equal in number to all the Senators and Representatives in Congress, but no Senator or person holding an office of trust or profit under the United States can be appointed an Elector. The Electors were at first chosen in four different modes, viz. : by joint ballot of the State Legislature, by a concurrent vote of the two branches of the State Legislature, by the people of the State, voting by general ticket, and by the people, voting in districts. This latter mode was evidently that which gave the fairest expression to public opinion, by approaching nearest to a direct vote. But those States which adopted it were placed at the disadvantage of being exposed to a division of their strength, and neutralization of their vote; while the Electors chosen by either of the other methods voted in a body on one side or the other, thus making the voice of the State decisively felt. This consideration induced the leading States of Massachusetts and Virginia, which originally adopted the district system, to abandon it in 1800.

An Act of Congress was approved January 23, 1845, to establish a uniform time for -holding elections for Electors in all the States of the Union, whereby they are appointed in each State on the Tuesday next after the first Monday in the month of November of the year in which they are to be appointed. Each State may also by law provide for the filling of any vacancy or vacancies which may occur in its College of Electors, when such College meets to give its electoral vote; and when any State shall have held an election for the purpose of choosing Electors, and shall fail to make a choice on the day aforesaid, then the electors may be appointed on a subsequent day, in such manner as the State shall by law provide.

The Electors meet at the capitals of their respective States, on the first Wednesday of December, and vote by distinct ballots for President and Vice-President, one of whom shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves. They make lists of the number of votes given, and of the persons voted for, which they transmit sealed, by a special messenger, to the President of the Senate at Washington.

The Senate and House of Representatives, having met in convention on a day fixed, the President of the Senate opens all the certificates, and the votes are counted. The person having the greatest number of votes for President is duly elected, if such a number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed. If no person have such a majority, then from the persons having the highest number, not exceeding three, in the list of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately, and by ballot, the President. If the House of Representatives shall not choose a President, whenever the right of choice devolves upon them, before the 4th of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as President, as in the case of the death or other constitutional disability of the President.

Should the offices of President and Vice-President both become vacant, it then becomes the duty of the Secretary of State to communicate information thereof to the Executive of each State, and to cause the same to be published in at least one newspaper in every State, giving two months' previous notice that Electors of President shall be chosen or appointed in the several States, within thirty-four days next preceding the first Wednesday in December ensuing, when the choice of President must proceed as usual.

FIRST PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION.

GEORGE WASHINGTON was unanimously elected President, receiving 69 votes. JOHN ADAMS was elected Vice-President, receiving 34 votes; while John Jay had 9