England in 1861. In 1864 the degree of LL.D. was conferred upon him by Harvard University.

Adams, George M.-Born in Knox County, Kentucky, December 20, 1837; educated at Centre College; studied law; was Clerk of the Circuit Court of Knox County from 1859 to 1861; subsequently served for a few months as a Captain in the Union Army; was an additional Paymaster of Volunteers from 1861 to 1865; and was elected a Representative from Kentucky to the Fortieth Congress, serving on the Committees on the Militia and Freedmen's Affairs.

Adams, Green.-Born in Barboursville, Knox County, Kentucky, August 20, 1812; was bred a farmer, but read law and adopted that profession; in 1832 and 1833 he was Deputy Sheriff of Knox County; in 1839 he was elected to the State Legislature, and re-elected; he was a Representative in Congress from Kentucky from 1847 to 1849, and was a member of the Committee on Engraving. He was also a Presidential Elector in 1844 and 1856, and a Judge of the Circuit Court of Kentucky from 1851 to 1856. In 1859 he was elected a Representative from Kentucky to the Thirty-sixth Congress, serving on the Committee on Post Offices and Post Roads. In 1861 he was appointed by President Lincoln Sixth Auditor of the Treasury.

Adams, John.-Born at Braintree, Massachusetts, October 30, 1735; graduated at Harvard University in 1755; instructed a class of scholars in Latin and Greek for a subsistence; studied law, and having been admitted to the bar, settled at Quincy to practise his profession. As a member of the Continental Congress, from 1774 to 1777, he was among the foremost in recommending an independent Government. In 1777 he was chosen Commissioner to the Court of Versailles. On his return he was chosen a member of the Convention called to prepare a form of governinent for Massachusetts. In September, 1779, he was appointed Minister Plenipotentiary to negotiate a peace, and had authority to form a commercial treaty with Great Britain. In June, 1780, he was appointed Ambassador to Holland; and, in 1782, he went to Paris to engage in the negotiation for peace, having previously obtained assurance that Great Britain would recognize the independence of the United States. After serving on two or three commissions to form treaties of amity and commerce with foreign powers, in 1785 he was appointed first Minister to London; and, in 1788, having been absent nine years, he returned to America. In March, 1789, the new Constitution of the United States went into operation, and he became the first Vice

President, which office he held during the whole of Washington's administration. On the retirement of Washington, he became, March 4, 1797, President of the United States. This was the termination of his public functions; and he spent the remainder of his days upon his farm in Quincy, occupying himself with agriculture, and obtaining amusement from the literature and politics of the day. He died on the fourth of July, 1826, with the same words on his lips which, fifty years before, on that day, he had uttered on the floor of Congress : "Independence forever!" His principal publications are, "Letters on the American Revolution," "Defence of the American Constitution," an "Essay on Canon and Feudal Law," a series of letters under the signature of Novanglus, and Discourses on Davila. It was as Vice-President that he had a seat in the Senate. In 1856 his life and writings were published, in ten volumes, edited by his grandson, C. F. Adams.

Adams, John.-He was a Representative in Congress from Greene County, New York, from 1833 to 1835, and was a member of the Committee on Invalid Pensions. He died at Catskill, New York, September 28, 1854.

Adams, John Quincy. - Born in Braintree, now Quincy, Massachusetts, July 11, 1767. When ten years of age, he accompanied his father to France; and when fifteen, was Private Secretary to the American Minister in Russia. He was graduated at Harvard University in 1787; studied law in Newburyport, and settled in Boston. From 1794 to 1801 he was American Minister to Holland, England, Sweden, and Prussia. He was a Senator in Congress from 1803 to 1808; Professor of Rhetoric in Harvard University, with limited duties, from 1806 to 1808; was appointed, in 1809, Minister to Russia; assisted in negotiating the Treaty of Ghent, in 1814; and assisted, also, as Minister, at the Convention of Commerce with Great Britain, in 1815. He was Secretary of State under President Monroe; and was chosen President of the United States in 1825, serving one term. In 1831 he was elected a Representative in Congress, and continued in that position until his death, which occurred in the Speaker's room, two days after falling from his seat in the House of Representatives, February 23, 1848. His last words were: "This is the end of earth; I am content." He was Chairman of several of the most important committees, and always a working member of the House. He published "Letters on Silesia," "Lectures on Rhetoric and Oratory," and various "Poems," beside many occasional letters and speeches. His unpublished writings, it is said, would make many volumes.

Adams, Parmenio.-He was born in Hartford, Connecticut, and was a Representative in Congress, from Batavia, Genesee County, New York, from 1823 to 1827.

Adams, Robert H.-He was a Senator in Congress, by appointment, from Mississippi, from January to May, in 1830, and died on the second day of July following.

Adams, Samuel.-Born in Boston, Massachusetts, in 1722; graduated at Harvard University in 1740; was one of the first who organized measures of resistance to the mother country; was a signer of the Declaration of Independence; was a Delegate from Massachusetts to the Continental Congress from 1774 to 1782; signed the Articles of Confederation; was a member of the Massachusetts Convention which accepted the Federal Constitution; and, on the adoption of the State Constitution, he was elected President of the Senate. He was Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts from 1789 to 1794, and, subsequently, Governor until 1797; and he died October 3, 1803.

Adams, Stephen.-He was a native of Franklin County, Pennsylvania, and had been a member of the Senate of that State. Removing to Mississippi, he took an active part in public affairs; was a member of the State Legislature, and a Representative in Congress, from 1845 to 1847; he was elected Judge of the Circuit Court, and from 1852 to 1857 was a Senator in Congress from Mississippi, serving on several committees. He removed to Tennessee with the intention of practising law at Memphis, where he died, May 11, 1857.

Adams, Thomas.-He was a Delegate from Virginia to the Continental Congress from 1778 to 1780, and signed the Articles of Confederation.

Addams, William.-He was born in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania: was a Representative in Congress from Pennsylvania, from 1825 to 1829, and served on a Committee for the Deaf and Dumb Institutions of New York and Ohio. He was, also, Auditor of Berks County, Pennsylvania, in 1813 and 1814; Commissioner of the County from 1814 to 1817; member of the State Legislature from 1822 to 1824; and Associate Judge of Berks County from 1839 to 1842. Died in the spring of 1858, aged 82 years.

Adgate, Asa.-He was a Representative in the Legislature of New York from Clinton County, from 1798 to 1799. and elected Representative in Congress from Essex County, in that State, from 1815 to

1817, and was again a member of the Legislature in 1823.

Adrain, Garnett B.-Born in the City of New York, December 20, 1816. He graduated at Rutgers College, New Jersey, in 1833; studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1837; and was a Representative in the Thirty-fifth Congress from New Jersey, serving as Chairman of the Committee on Engraving. He was also elected a member of the Thirty-sixth Congress, serving as Chairman of the Committee on Engraving. In January, 1861, he offered the resolution of thanks to Major Robert Anderson for his defence of Fort Sumter. After leaving Congress he was devoted to his profession.

Ahl, John A.-He was born in Stansbury, Franklin County, Pennsylvania, in August, 1815; received a good English education; studied medicine with his father, and graduated at the " Washington Medical College" of Baltimore. He abandoned his profession in 1850, and turned his attention to various kinds of manufactures, and was elected a Representative from Pennsylvania to the Thirty-fifth Congress, serving as a member of the Cominittee on Manufactures.

Aiken, William.-He was born in Charleston, South Carolina, in 1806; graduated at the South Carolina College in 1825; was a member of the State Legislature in 1838, 1840, and 1842; was Goverernor of South Carolina in 1844; and a Representative in Congress from that State from 1851 to 1857. He was considered one of the most successful rice planters in his native State; and was one of the leading men of his State who did not take part in the Rebellion.

Akers, Thomas Peter.-He was elected a Representative from Missouri to the Thirty-fourth Congress for the unexpired term of J. G. Miller, and served one session.

Albertson, Nathaniel. He was born in Virginia, and was elected a Representative in Congress from the First Congressional District of Indiana, from 1849 to 1851, and was a member of the Committee on Public Lands.

Albright, Charles J.-He was born in Pennsylvania, and was elected, from the State of Ohio, a Representative to the Thirty-fourth Congress.

Aldrich, Cyrus.-Born in Smithfield, Rhode Island, in June, 1808; received a common-school education; has followed the various occupations of a sailor, a boatman, a farmer, a contractor on public works, and a mail contractor; was a member of the Illinois Legislature;

also a Register of Deeds and Register of the Land Office at Dixon, in that State, for four years; and, having removed to Minnesota, was a member of the Constitutional Convention of that State; member of the County Board of Hampshire County, in that State; and was elected a Representative from Minnesota to the Thirty-sixth Congress, serving as a member of the Committee on Agriculture. Re-elected to the Thirty-seventh Congress, and was Chairman of the Committee on Indian Affairs. After leaving Congress he was appointed by President Lincoln a Commissioner to settle claims against the Sioux Indians. In February, 1867, he was appointed by President Johnson Postmaster at Minneapolis, Minnesota.

Allen, Charles.-He was born in Worcester, Massachusetts, August 9, 1797, and was a Representative in Congress from that State from 1849 to 1853, and a member of the Committee on the District of Columbia. He was also a member of the State Legislature in 1829, 1833, 1834, 1838, and 1840; and a State Senator in 1835, 1838, and 1839; Judge of the Court of Common Pleas from 1842 to 1844; Chief Justice of the Superior Court of Suffolk County from 1858 to 1859; and subsequently Chief Justice of the Superior Court of the State. He was a member of the State Constitutional Convention of 1853; and a Commissioner to negotiate the Webster Treaty in 1842. He was also a Delegate to the Peace Congress of 1861.

Allen, Chilton. — He was born in Albemarle County, Virginia, April 6, 1786, and settled in Kentucky as a wheelwright. He educated himself for the legal profession; from Clark County was elected in 1811 to the Legislature of Kentucky for several terms; and he was a Representative in Congress from that State from 1831 to 1837, officiating as Chairman of the Committee on Territories, and a member of the Committee on Foreign Affairs. In 1838 he was President of the Board of Internal Improvement; and in 1842 he was again returned to the State Legislature, which was the last public position he occupied. He died at Winchester, September 3, 1858. He was a man of ability and of rare virtues.

the Massachusetts Legislature in 1849; after which he was appointed Consul to Honolulu, and has since that time been connected with the Government of the Sandwich Islands. In 1856 he visited the United States as Envoy; and in 1857 was Chief Justice and Chancellor of the Sandwich Islands, serving until 1864.

Allen, Heman. He was born in 1776; was a resident, if not a native of Milton, Vermont; adopted the profession of law, in which he became distinguished; and was a Representative in Congress from Vermont from 1833 to 1839, serving as an active member of the Committee on Claims. He subsequently settled in Burlington, Vermont, where he died December 11, 1844.

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Allen, Heman. He was born in 1779, and a resident of Colchester, Vermont; he graduated at Dartmouth College in 1795, and adopted the profession of law. He was Sheriff of Chittenden County in 1808 and 1809; from 1811 to 1814 he was Chief Justice of the Chittenden County Court; from 1812 to 1817 he was an active member of the State Legislature; was appointed Quartermaster of Militia, with the title of Brigadier; and was a trustee of the University of Vermont. He was first elected a Representative in Congress from Vermont in 1817, but resigned in 1818 to accept from President Munroe the appointment of United States Marshal for the District of Vermont. In 1823 he received from the same President the appointment of Minister to Chili, which he resigned in 1828; in 1830 he was appointed President of the United States Branch Bank, at Burlington, which he held until the expiration of its charter, after which he settled in the town of Highgate, Vermont, where he died of heart disease, April 9, 1852.

Allen, James C.-He was born in Shelby County, Kentucky, January 28, 1823; received a good common-school education, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in Indiana in 1843; in 1846 was elected, for two years, Prosecuting Attorney in the Seventh Judicial District of Indiana; and, having removed to Illinois in 1848, was elected a member, in 1850 and 1851, of the State Legislature, and was chosen a Representative in Congress from Illinois, from 1853 to 1855, and re-elected to the Thirty-fourth Congress, when his seat was contested unsuccessfully. He was chosen Clerk of the House of Representatives for the Thirty-fifth Congress, and in 1862 he was re-elected to the Thirty-eighth Congress as a Representative, serving on the Committees on Indian Affairs and Unfinished Business.

Allen, John. - Born in Great Barrington, Massachusetts, in 1763; was a lawyer by profession, and a member of the

State Council of Connecticut for several years; was a Representative from that State during the last Congress which was held in Philadelphia, from 1797 to 1799. He died at Litchfield, Connecticut, July 31, 1812.

Allen, John J.-He was born in Virginia; was a resident of Harrison County, and was elected a Representative in Congress, from Virginia, from 1833 to 1835, and served as a member of the Committee on the District of Columbia. He subsequently held the office of Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Virginia.

Allen, John W.-Born in Litchfield, Connecticut, in 1802; settled in Cleveland, Ohio, in 1825, and was a member of the Senate of that State from 1835 to 1837; also Mayor of Cleveland; and was elected a Representative in Congress from 1837 to 1841, serving as a member of the Committee on the Militia and Military Affairs. He was the son of John Allen, of Great Barrington, Massachusetts.

Allen, Joseph. - He was born in Boston; was a merchant in Leicester, and benefactor of the Academy there; twice Elector for President; was a Clerk of the County Court and a State Councillor; and a Representative in Congress, from Massachusetts, from 1811 to 1813, having succeeded J. Upham, resigned. He died at Worcester, September 2, 1827, aged seventy-eight years.

Allen, Judson. He was born in Connecticut, and removing to New York was elected a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1839 to 1841, and was a member of the Committee on Mileage.

Allen, Nathaniel.—He was born in Dutchess County, New York; served in the Assembly of that State in 1812, and was a Representative in Congress, from 1819 to 1821, and a member of the Committee on Manufactures.

Allen, Philip.-He was born in Providence, Rhode Island, September 1, 1785; graduated at Brown University in 1803; was elected to the State Legislature in 1819, 1820, and 1821; devoted much attention to the business of manufacturing; was Governor of Rhode Island during the years 1851, 1852, and 1853; and was elected a Senator in Congress, from his native State, from March 3, 1853, for six years, serving as a member of the Committees on Commerce and on Naval Affairs. Died in Providence, Rhode Island, December 16, 1865.

from 1819 to 1827, serving as a member of the Committees on Commerce, the Library, and Revolutionary Claims. He died at Carthage, Tennessee, August 19, 1864, aged sixty-seven years.

Allen, Robert.-Born in Woodstock, Shenandoah County, Virginia, July 30, 1794. He was educated at Dickinson and Washington Colleges, having left the latter institution on a furlough of three months, for the purpose of joining a volunteer military force in 1813, but returned and graduated. He studied law, and practised in his native place. He held for a time the office of Prosecutor for the Commonwealth; served five years in the Senate of Virginia, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1827 to 1833, serving on the Committee for the District of Columbia.

Allen, Samuel C.-Born in Franklin County, Massachusetts; graduated at Dartmouth College in 1794; was a Representative in the Massachusetts Legislature from 1806 to 1810; a State Senator from 1812 to 1815, and in 1831; and a member of the Executive Council in 1829 and 1830; was a Representative in Congress, from Massachusetts, from 1817 to 1829, officiating as Chairman of the Committee on Accounts. He died at Northfield, February 8, 1842, aged seventy years.

Allen, William.-He was born in Ohio; adopted the profession of law, and was a Representative in Congress, from Ross County, Ohio, from 1833 to 1835, serving as a member of the Committee on Indian Affairs; was elected a Senator in Congress from 1837 to 1849, serving as a member of several important committees in the Senate during his first term.

Allen, William. Born in Butler County, Ohio, August 13, 1827; received a good English education, and taught school for a time; studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1849; in 1850 he was elected a County Prosecuting Attorney, and reelected in 1852; and in 1858 was elected a Representative, from Ohio, to the Thirtysixth Congress, serving on the Committee on Accounts. Re-elected to the Thirtyseventh Congress, serving as Chairman of the Committee on Expenditures in Interior Department. Was a Delegate to the Chicago Convention in 1864, and also to the Philadelphia "National Union Convention" of 1866.

Allen, William J.-He was born in Tennessee in 1828; removed with his father to Illinois in 1829; studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1848; in 1854 he was elected to the Illinois Legislature; in 1855 was appointed United States Attorney for the District of Illinois, which he resigned in 1860, and was then elected

Judge of the Circuit Court. In 1862 ho was elected a Representative, from Illinois, to the Thirty-seventh Congress, for the unexpired term of John S. Logan, resigned, and was re-elected to the Thirtyeighth Congress, serving on the Committee on Claims.

Allen, Willis.-He was born in Tennessee, and was a Representative in Congress, from Illinois, from 1851 to 1855.

Alley, John B.-Born in Lynn, Massachusetts, January 7, 1817, received a good common-school education; was apprenticed to a shoemaker, and received his freedom when nineteen years of age, after which he devoted himself to trading; he subsequently entered largely into the shoe and leather business, which he has since followed; he served several years in the City Councils of Lynn; was a member of the Governor's Council in 1851; a member of the Massachusetts Senate in 1852; of the State Constitutional Convention held in 1853, and in 1858 was elected a Representative, from Massachusetts, to the Thirty-sixth Congress, serving on the Committee on Post Offices and Post Roads. elected to the Thirty-seventh, and also to the Thirty-eighth, Congress, serving as Chairman of the Committee on Post Offices and Post Roads. Re-elected to the Thirtyninth Congress, serving again on the Post Office Committee, and as a member of that on the Bankrupt Law. He was also a Delegate to the Philadelphia "Loyalists' Convention" of 1866.

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Allison, James.-He was elected a Representative in Congress, from Beaver County, Pennsylvania, from 1823 to 1825.

Allison, John.-He was born in Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1851 to 1853, and was re-elected to the Thirtyfourth Congress.

Allison, Robert.-He was born in Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Congress, from Pennsylvania, from 1831 to 1833.

Allison, William B.-He was born in the township of Perry, Wayne County, Ohio, March 2, 1829; spent the most of his boyhood on a farm; was educated chiefly at Alleghany College, Pennsylvania, and at the Western Reserve College, Ohio; studied law, came to the bar in 1851, and practised the profession in Ohio until 1857, when he settled in Dubuque, Iowa. He was a delegate to the Chicago Convention of 1860; in 1861 he was a member of the Governor's staff, and rendered essential service in raising troops for the war; and in 1862 he was elected a Representative from Iowa to the Thirtyeighth Congress, serving on the Commit