commenced in 1840, but is not yet wholly completed. Her Majesty opened the Victoria tower and royal gallery in state, on the 3d of February, 1852, when she conferred the honour of knighthood on the architect. He was chosen a Royal Academician in 1842, and has at various periods been elected a member of many foreign societies. His architectural works are numerous.

BASTIAT, FREDERICK, a French Economist and Author, is well known on both sides of the Channel as a champion of the doctrines of free trade. He has for several years conducted the "Annuaire d'Economie Politique;" and his "Popular Fallacies oncerning General Interests" is one of the best exposures of the Protectionist system ever written.

BASTIDE, JULES, the French Legislator, is fifty years of age. A Parisian in all things, his studies in the French metropolis had distinguished him before he left college. But instead of embracing a career which might have led him rapidly to fortune, Bastide sacrificed his future to his opinions, and entered the Carbonari (le Carbonarisme), of which he was one of the most active members. This Society was dissolved, but out of its wrecks was formed the Society Aide tois, le Ciel t'aidera," to which Bastide lost no time nanting himself. After the Revolution of July, Bastide, who had fought among the bravest, opposed himself to the utmost against the royalty of the Duke of Orleans, proposed by M. Thiers and others who had not fought at all. squadron of artillery. He still fought, as he had done in July, against royalty. The results of the insurrection of the 5th of June are known to all. The artillery of the National Guard was disbanded. Bastide, found guilty of contumacy, was condemned to death, and fled to England, whence he returned at the end of eighteen months. During this time the reactionary fury had had time to cool itself, and Bastide was acquitted. Some time afterwards he started the "National." He joined Armand Carrel and Treist, and shared, in common with them, the management of that democratic journal. Bastide, in the "National," dealt more especially with questions of foreign policy, and all which concerned the armed force. After having directed the "National" almost single-handed for some time, he called in the aid of Armand Marrast. He soon became a less active editor of the paper. The struggle, doubtless, had fatigued him, and he felt the need of domestic repose. It is said, too, that Bastide, thoroughly religious, was at times hurt at the wild sallies of his colleagues with regard to Catholicism. In 1847 he formed, in conjunction with Buchez, the "Revue Nationale," to support the republican doctrines and the

In 1832 Bastide was chief of a

social system of the latter.

BAUDIN, CHARLES, a French Admiral, was born near the close of the last century, and in 1808 was a cabin-boy on board the frigate La Piémontaise, and lost an arm during an engagement

with the English in the Indian Ocean. In 1812 he was made lieutenant in command of the brig Rénard. In June of the same year he received orders at Genoa to accompany an expedition of fourteen sail, provided with munitions, to Toulon. Though continually pursued on his passage by English cruisers, he conducted his convoy safely into the harbour of St. Tropez; but his flag-ship was immediately afterwards attacked by an English brig, which he disabled after a desperate conflict. For this affair he was promoted to the rank of Captain. The Restoration having thrown him out of employment, Baudin entered the merchant-service, and conceived the bold plan of freeing Napoleon from St. Helena; which, however, he was compelled to abandon. The Revolution of 1830 again called him into service. After having been named Rear-admiral in 1838, he received the chief command of the expedition against Mexico. At the head of twenty-three ships, Baudin spent a month in fruitless negotiations with the Mexican government. On November 27, 1838, he finally opened fire, with a part of his squadron, against the fortress of St. Juan d'Ulloa, which commands the port and harbour of Vera Cruz, and was held to be impregnable. The fort surrendered on the following day. In the further details of hostilities, which ended December 5, by the disarming of Vera Cruz, and the defeat of the Mexicans under Santa Anna, he displayed much ability and great personal courage. In consequence of this exploit he was promoted to the rank of Vice-admiral; and in the following year was named by Louis-Philippe Commander of the Legion of Honour. At the same time he was intrusted with a military and diplomatic mission to Buenos Ayres, and with the command of the fleet in the South American seas. Afterward, for a short time, he officiated as Minister of Marine.

BAUER, BRUNO, the boldest Biblical Critic of modern times, was born at Eisenberg, in the duchy of Sachsen-Altenburg, September 6, 1809. After acquiring his education in the schools and University of Berlin, in 1834 he received a professorship of theology. If we distinguish the period of his development from that of his public activity, we must assign to the former his review of the "Life of Jesus," of Strauss (1835); his "Journal of Speculative Theology" (1836); and his "Critical Exposition of the Religion of the Old Testament" (1838). At that time an Hegelian of the old school, he vindicated the law of self-consciousness in historical revelation, but at the same time believed himself able to defend revelation against the claims of a free self-consciousness, and to obtain a solution of this contradiction by considering revelation as the development of the universal self-consciousness. The transi tion to the second period was formed by the two works, "Doctor Hengstenberg" (1839); and "The Evangelical Established Church of Prussia and its Doctrine" (1840). In the former he explained his opposition to apologetic theology, and endeavoured to prove its insufficiency for the comprehension and recognition of the characteristic differences in the historical development; in the

latter he endeavoured to prove that the union is the dissolution of the church in the realm of the free, universal self-consciousness. After he had thus grasped the last historical dissolution of the positive, he ventured to propound the question in relation to the manner and mode in which the creation and formation of evangelical history are to be considered. In his "Review of the Gospel History of John" (1840), and "Review of the Gospel Narrative" (1840), he answers, that evangelical history is a free product of human self-consciousness, and the Gospels are a free terary production. Upon the publication of these views, permison to deliver theological lectures in Bonn, where he had been a fatar since 1889, was withdrawn. From this time, Bauer took up his residence at Berlin, employing himself in following out the condinsions resulting from his position. In 1843 he published "The Tranquillity of Freedom and my peculiar Circumstances," explaining his relations to the learned societies and the universities. To thas followed "Christianity Unveiled" (1843), which was destroyed at Zürich before its publication. This work was a continuon of the opposition of religion to the self-consciousness, which was carried still further, in ironical style, in his "Proclamation of the Day of Judgment concerning Hegel the Atheist," and in "Hegel's Doctrine of Art and Religion" (1842). The transition to the third period of his activity commences with "The Jewish Question," in which he came out for the first time against the vagueness of the pretensions of liberalism, and rejected Jewish emancipation. His principal work in this period is "A general Critical Review" (143-44), in which he demonstrates that the German radicalism of 1-12, and its resulting socialistic theories, are made up of the same neritical adoption and presupposition of vague generalities. Hereupon he made the transition to a fourth period, in which, through his historical labours on the eighteenth century, he represents the present flattening and levelling of all previous historical formations as the product of the enlightenment of the eighteenth century, and the failure of all the efforts of the masses in modern times as the consequence of the interior weakness of that enlightament. During this period he also published, in connexion with Jungnitz and his brother Edgar, "Historical Memoirs of Events since the French Revolution and the Reign of Napoleon" (1846). The political disturbances of 1848 afforded him an opportunity of putting forward his views in a last historical effort. He did this in his work on "The Civil Revolution in Germany," and "The Fall of the Frankfort Parliament" (1849). With the publication of "A Review of the Gospels and History of their Origin" (1850), to which "Apostolical History" is a supplement, he entered upon a new career of development. In his "Review of the Epistles attributed to St. Paul" he attempts to show that the four leading epistles, which have never before been questioned, were not written by the apostle Paul, but are the production of the second

century.

BAVARIA, MAXIMILIAN-JOSEPH, the second KING OF, born Nov. 28, 1811, took the reins of government March 21, 1848, on the abdication of his father (the patron of Lola Montes); married to a princess of Prussia, and by her has two sons, the eldest of whom, Louis, born Aug. 25, 1825, is heir to the throne. Maximilian's brother, Otho, is king of Greece.

BAZLEY, THOMAS, President of the Manchester Chamber of Commerce, was born at Gilon, near Bolton, in 1797; was educated at the Bolton Grammar-school; and was apprenticed to learn cotton-spinning in the factory of Ainsworth and Co., previously the establishment of Sir Robert Peel and Co. At the age of twentyone, Mr. Bazley started in business at Bolton, and in 1822 removed to Manchester. He is now the head of the firm of Gardiner and Bazley, who employ many hundred hands, and have established, in connexion with their factories, schools and lecture and reading. rooms. Mr. Bazley was one of the earliest members of the Manchester Anti-Corn-Law Association, and of the Council of the League; and in 1837, with Richard Cobden and John Brooks, he opened the Free-Trade campaign at Liverpool, on which occasion Mr. Bazley made his first public speech. In 1845 he was elected President of the Manchester Chamber of Commerce. In this capacity he received from the late Sir Robert Peel a remarkable letter, stating his satisfaction at the cessation of agitation in the manufacturing districts, and expressing a hope that Free Trade having been accomplished, all classes of industry would become united in harmonious efforts for the prosperity of all. Mr. Bazley was one of the most active of the Royal Commissioners of the Great Exhibition; and in 1850, Sir Robert Peel speaking with him of the results of Free Trade, Mr. Bazley stated that he had never known the working people of Lancashire and Yorkshire so well employed and contented; to which Sir Robert Peel replied, he was exceedingly pleased to hear it, and he hoped the people would keep what they had got.

BEECHEY, FREDERICK WILLIAM, Rear-Admiral of the Blue, the well-known Arctic Navigator, is the son of the late Sir William Beechey, the eminent portrait-painter. He was born in 1796, and entered the navy as a first-class volunteer in 1806, on board the Hibernia, 74, the flag-ship of Earl St. Vincent, in which he remained for two years. After a brief service in the Minotaur, he accompanied Sir Sidney Smith in the Foudroyant, 80, to Rio Janeiro, returning to England in 1810 in the Elizabeth, 74. In 1811, when in company off Madagascar with the Phoebe and Galatea frigates, he assisted, after a long and gallant action, at the capture of the French frigates Renommée, Clorinde, and Néréide. On his return to England in 1812, after some Channel service, he was attached to the Vengeur, 74, sent with the Tonnant to New Orleans, and was with the boats when they crossed the Mississippi with a body of seamen and marines, to make a diversion in favour

of the general attack on the enemy's lines. In 1815 Mr. Beechey was appointed lieutenant of the Niger, 38, on the North American station. On the 14th of January, 1818, he accompanied Sir John Franklin and Captain Buchanan to Spitzbergen, on the first expedition of the former officer; and in 1819 was appointed to the Hecla, Lieut. Commander Edward Parry, in which ship he penetrated to langitude 113° 54′ 53′′ W., within the Arctic circle. Whilst on board the Trent he acted as artist to the expedition, and on his return home received a parliamentary grant of 2001. as a reward. On the 5th November, 1821, he was appointed, in conjunction with his brother, Mr. Henry H. Beechey, to co-operate with Commander William H. Smith, in the Adventure, on a voyage of scovery in conducting a survey of the North coast of America. The results of his researches, which extended as far eastwards as Derma, and lasted until July 1822, have been fully detailed by Captain Beechey in his "Proceedings of the Expedition to explore the Northern Coast of Africa from Tripoli." He was advanced to the rank of Commander in 1825, and received an appointment to the Blossom, 24, fitting at Woolwich for a voyage of discovery viá Cape Horn to Behring Strait, there to act in concert with the expedition of Captains Franklin and Parry in their efforts to ascertain the existence of a north-west passage. During the three years and a haif that Captain Beechey was absent from England, he took possession in the Pacific of the islands named after Admiral Gambier; discovered five others, to which he gave the names of Barrow, Cockburn, Byam-Martin, Cooper, and Melville; having passed Behring Strait, and penetrated, in August 1826, to a point north of Icy Cape, where the Blossom's barge reached latitude 71° 23′ 31′′ N., and longitude 156° 21' 30" W., only 146 miles from the extreme point attained by Franklin. He afterwards examined the sea eastward of Loo Choo, where he discovered the Flas del Arzobispo; and en again visiting the frozen regions in 1827 he entered, for the first time, a spacious and important haven to the S.E. of Cape Prince of Wales, leading to a secure inner harbour, well adapted for repairing shaps, to which he gave the names of Port Clarence and Grantley Harbour. After a voyage of 73,000 miles, in which she rendered most essential services to science, the Blossom returned to Sheerness, bringing with her the ambassador for the Brazils and a million and a half of specie. Commander Beechey became a Postcaptain in 1827. For the next ten years he was appointed to survey the coasts of South America and Ireland. In 1854 he was appointed to the rank of Rear-Admiral.

BEHR, WILHELM-JOSEPH, one of the most distinguished German Lawyers, was born at Sultzheim in 1775, and studied law in Wurzburg and Göttingen. He was admitted to practice in the imperial tribunals of Vienna and Wetzlar, and from 1799 to 1821 he held the Professorship of Public Law in the University of Wurzburg. By oral discourses and by valuable publications he laboured for the promulgation of genuine constitutional views in