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The author shows in a strikingly novel and interesting way, and in language intelligible to a ten-year-old boy, the necessity of government, the different forms of government and the advantages of our government over all others. Civil Government. By R. E. Clement, 232 pp. Price...... 50 50 12 mo. Cloth. xiv+ 84 A brief and lucid treatise on the Federal Constitution, and the Colonial, Revolutionary and Confederate Governments which preceded it. English Political Orations from Wentworth to Macaulay. Edited, with Introduction, by WILLIAM CLarke. 12 mo. xvi+312 pp. Cloth, uncut, price, 40 cents; red roan, $1.25; half morc., g. t..I 50 Great speeches on great themes by famous English statesmen. The selection covers a period from 1576 to 1831. For sale by all booksellers, or sent by mail, postpaid, on receipt of the price. A. LOVELL & CO., PUBLISHERS, 3 East 14th Street, New York. American History Leaflets COLONIAL AND CONSTITUTIONAL. No. 14.-MARCH, 1894. PLANS OF UNION, 1696-1780. BETWEEN the year 1684, the date of the last meeting of the commissioners of the United Colonies of New England, and 1765, the date of the meeting of the Stamp Act Congress, many suggestions were made looking toward some kind of defensive union among the English colonies against the aggressions of the French. The earliest of these schemes was the work of William Penn, founder of Pennsylvania, and it is printed herewith on account of its priority in point of time, as well as on account of the eminence of its author. The second scheme, which bears the name of Robert Livingston, provided for three confederations, and is interesting mainly on that account. The third scheme was the work of Daniel Coxe of New Jersey. The only plans which demand attention as being something more than individual expressions of opinion, are the Albany plan, and the scheme laid before the King by the Lords of Trade. The former was adopted by a Congress held at Albany in 1754. It was composed of delegates elected by the assemblies of seven colonies. The chief object of this gathering was to cement the friendship between the Iroquois and the English colonists. But the secondary object of the Congress was to formulate a plan for future concerted action against the French, and in dealing with the leading Indian tribes on the frontier. The Albany plan was the work of Benjamin Franklin, more than of any other one man, as will be seen by a comparison of the plan as adopted, with the "Short Hints" which he prepared before setting out for Albany. Other schemes, however, were presented by several delegates; one of them, which is printed herewith, contained a proposition to form the colonies into four divisions. The agitation of the subject at the time was due to Governor Shirley of Massachusetts. The final vote was taken on July 9th, 1754. One month later, the Lords of Trade laid before the King a scheme for colonial co-operation, sometimes cited as the Halifax plan, from the fact that Dunk Halifax was the chairman of the Board of Trade. As is well known, the Albany plan met with no favor either in England or in the colonies, and with its rejection the matter seems to have been dropped. The scheme which is associated with the name of Galloway is interesting as containing the ideas of the moderate and conservative party in 1774. The last paper in this number is printed in a little pamphlet entitled "The Alarm," written by an unknown hand and without date of publication. It must have been written, however, after the signing of the French Alliance and before the conclusion of the Treaty of Peace of 1783. The plan proposed in it is really a scheme for Imperial Federation. Had such a plan been proposed by an English official before the Revolution, that movement might never have taken place. In any enumeration of plans of union, reference should be made to the scheme of the later Stuart government to abolish the chartered governments, and to convert all the colonies into royal provinces. It was probably intended to group the colonies together, either in one great government, or in three smaller governments. A beginning was made in the direction of consolidation by the appointment of Sir Edmund Andros as governor of all the colonies north of Pennsylvania. But with the Revolution of 1688, their scheme came to nought, and, in fact, the only result was the permanent union of New Plymouth colony with Massachusetts. The first steps taken by the colonists themselves toward union was the calling of the Stamp Act Congress in 1765. It is proposed, in a later number of this series, to print documents illustrating the progress toward union from 1764 to 1787. For reference to other plans of union, and for further information concerning these plans, see Winsor in Narrative and Critical History, V., 611; Frothingham, Rise of the Republic, 107–121; H. L. Carson, editor, History of the Celebration of the Anniversary of the Constitution of the United States, II., Appendix by F. D. Stone; W. E. Foster, Life of Stephen Hopkins, I. 155, II. Appendices G, H and W. 1696-7. PENN'S PLAN. MR. PENN'S PLAN FOR A UNION OF THE COLONIES IN AMERICA. A Briefe and Plaine Scheame how the English Colonies in the North parts of America Viz: Boston Connecticut Road Island New York New Jerseys Pennsilvania Maryland Virginia and Carolina may be made more useful to the Crowne and one anothers peace and safety with an universall concurrence. 1. That the severall colonies before mentioned do meet once a year, and oftener if need be, during the war, and at least once in two years in times of peace, by their stated and appointed Deputies, to debate and resolve of such measures as are most adviseable for their better understanding, and the public tranquility and safety. 2. That in order to it two persons well qualified for sence sobriety and substance be appointed by each Province, as their Representatives or Deputies, which in the whole make the Congress to consist of twenty persons. 3. That the King's Commissioner for that purpose specially appointed shall have the Chaire and preside in the said Congresse. 4. That they shall meet as near as conveniently may be to the most centrall Colony for ease of the Deputies. 5. Since that may in all probability, be New York both because it is near the Center of the Colonies and for that it is a Frontier and in the kings nomination, the Gov'r of that Colony may therefore also be the King's High Commissioner during the Session after the manner of Scotland. 6. That their business shall be to hear and adjust all matters of Complaint or difference between Province and Province. As ist where persons quit their own Province and goe to another, they may avoid their just debts thô they be able to pay them, 2nd where offenders fly Justice, or Justice can ACCOUNT OF WHAT HAPPENED ON THE JOURNEY WHEN the army reached the valley of Culiacan count of the poor outlook which was received from and from the food supply along the way being small, ac to the report of Melchor Diaz, who had just come bac seeing it, Francisco Vazquez divided the army. He took eighty horsemen and twenty-five foot soldier some part of the artillery, and set out from Culiacan, Don Tristan de Arellano with the rest of the fore orders to set out twenty days after him, and when he the valley of Hearts (or Corazones) to wait there fo from him, which would be sent after he had reached and had seen what was there; and this was done valley of Hearts is a hundred and fifty leagues from the of Culiacan, and as many from Cibola. This whole way, up to about fifty leagues before re Cibola, is inhabited, although away from the road in places. The population is all of the same sort of since the houses are all of palm mats, and some of have low platforms. They all have corn, althoug much, and in some places very little. They have n and beans. The best settlement of all is a valley Senora, which is ten leagues beyond Hearts, where a was afterwards settled. There is some cotton among [people], but deer skins are what most of them use for Francisco Vazquez passed by all these on account small crops; there was no corn the whole way, unless at this valley of Senora, where they collected a little, a sides this there was what he took from Culiacan, whe provided himself for eighty days. In seventy-three day reached Cibola, although after hard labor and the l many horses and the death of many Indians, and aft saw it these were all doubled, although we did find enough. We found the natives peaceful for the whole The day we reached the first village part of them out to fight us, and the rest staid in the village and for themselves. It was not possible to make peace with t although we tried hard enough, so it was necessary to a |