"III. Because the results of this double series of systematic efforts is totally unintelligible if it be not referrible to the secret operation of a law of thought pervading them." Chap. XII. treats of "Inorganic Being;" XIII., of" Organized Being" XIV., of "Intelligent Being" XV., of "The Divine Being," all ably and interestingly. In the last noted chapter the following antinomies are considered, viz. :— "PRO. "Ist. That man has an innate idea of an all-perfect Being, the source of all existence. "2nd. That Nature is so full of marks of design; and that this implies a Designer, whose wisdom and goodness may be gathered from His works. "3rd. That man aspires after perfect beauty, harmony, truth, justice, goodness; and that this aspiration implies a Being of perfect moral beauty, harmony, wisdom, justice, and goodness, from whom it proceeds and to whom it is directed, and who must be distinct from Nature, because Nature is imperfect." "CON. "1st. If men had an innate idea of an all-perfect Source of all, they could not have formed such very different conceptions of the character and nature of this Divine Being as they notoriously have done. "2nd. The conception of conscious design is alleged to apply only to cases where an intelligent being deals with materials which he does not produce, and to be wholly inapplicable to one from whose will both means and ends arise. "3rd. Admitting that there would be great force in the argument, from our mental tendencies to the nature of the Source whence those tendencies arise, if the argument were equally applied to every such tendency, it is objected that we are conscious in ourselves of many desires unjust, unloving, untruthful, inharmonious. Are we to ascribe these feelings also to God? Our reason revolts from the conclusion. Yet it lies within the scope of our argument. And to escape from the cogency of our own logic we turn, for the proof of the Divine perfections, to that very Nature whose incompetence to supply conceptions of its author satisfactory to our minds, is the foundation of the argument for the existence of supernatural power, from whom our being is derived." These matters he replies to by saying that, according to the law of thought, the universe "must, as we have seen, be a struggle of mights. "We are justified by reason in attributing to God a consciousness distinct from our own consciousness, and involved in His action in creation." "Thus we rescue the thoughts of personality and freedom for our religious faith, without giving up the possibility of science." Thereafter he proceeds to show "that the power displayed in the production of organized beings has a personal character;" and how "we obtain, as the scientific expression for the power manifested in Nature, the conception of a Trinity in Unity," as well as "(1) That the Divine Being always acts by law; 2 3 66 (2) That this law is the utterance of love." "The principle of development" is discussed in Chap. XVI., and is given as that which binds into a consistent unity of conception the three assumptions of Kant's 'Practical Reason'-God, Freedom, and Immortality." On "The Humility of Science" the author makes a few remarks in Chap. XVII., and he therein maintains "that the more deeply men are penetrated by the conviction of Nature being truly the expression of thought, the work of an intelligence analogous to human intelligence, and a will analogous to the governing will in man, the deeper will be their humility, the more ready will they be to turn to that which is not themselves as their teacher." The conclusion, Chap. XVIII., of the whole matter is, "that the universe is produced by a Being whose essence is Loving Will, and whose manifestion is Realized Thought." To these interesting and deeply thoughtful chapters there are subjoined four appendices. 1. On "The Relation of Mathematics to Metaphysics; 2. On "The Order of Connection among Judg. ments and Syllogisms, and the Distinction of Inductive and Deductive Reasoning" 3. On "The Logic of the Schools;" 4. On "The Principles of Beauty," which are full of excellent matter, and which hold in themselves the elements of a fresh and useful system of logic. The pains we have taken to supply an analysis-inadequate though it be of this work from a vigorous thinker will, we hope, in some measure suggest the importance we attach to it, and the value we put upon it. We have cared less to talk about it than to show what it actually is and advocates; and we believe that that is enough for our readers to know to make them desire a farther acquaintance with its contents. At the same time it is fair to remark, that though the thinking in the book is decidedly of an Hegelian cast, it is free from most of the faults of that special school, and keeps remarkably clear of most of the objections noted as applicable to the peculiar logic of that great thinker, by the author of the article on the Life and Opinions of that notable founder of a new school of thinkers, in the British Controversialist for May, 1862, p. 333. To attempt to matur eand Christianize the thought of an epoch and a school is daring. Yet in this daring the author is not presumptuous, for he has the power within himo working out great results in philosophy. It is, undoubtedly, matter worthy of note that, in this book, the ideas on which Strauss, Feuerbach, and Renan ground their criticism against the gospel story, are here used to form the foundation of a system which may bulwark Christianity, at the same time that it claims for man the utmost freedom of thought, and does not depart "from that method of research, founded upon the examination of ascertainable facts, to which Bacon gave celebrity as a theory, and which the history of modern science has proved to be the only sure road to truth." The Topic. ARE COURTS-MARTIAL IN HARMONY WITH THE AGE? AFFIRMATIVE. COURTS-MARTIAL are necessities of a military force. If war is requisite, subordination is imperative. This subordination must be habitual and unrelaxing. Hence judgments, punishments, and all sorts of investigations, must go on within the army itself. The only duty of a soldier is obedience. The only crime of which he, as a soldier, can be guilty is insubordination. He must be taught to feel that his officers are the only dependence he has got; and they must be taught, by habitual exercise of judicial functions, to keep within the limits of just demands and orders. War is an institution, and courts-martial are necessities of war. They are thus far in harmony with the age.-GEMS. We have to place our whole dependence in war on the honour of soldiers. It becomes us, then, to cultivate in them solicitude for honour. This cannot be done by withdrawing their right to be a law unto themselves, but by continuing and enforcing it. The most efficient means of doing this is to maintain the authority of courts-martial. Slight abuses may exist in them, as in all other human institutions, but they are in harmony with an age which makes war the right arm of power.SKETCHMAN. The court-martial is a necessity in the army which is a privileged tyranny. The long delays of law could never be advantageously introduced into our war forces. Speedy and resolute settlement of disputes or punishment of misdemeanours must be had, and no form or process can be advantageously made. superior to the determination of the higher commanding officers of the army. As a general rule, the court-martial works well in its own place, and if a miscarriage of justice occasionally takes place in it, that can be said of all human tribunals. It is very questionable if civilians are much benefited by the plenteousness of possible law processes through which they may be dragged. Indeed, a demand for permitting arbitration recently raised, seems to indicate that the commercial classes would be very glad to get something analogous to the court-martial for themselves. We cannot think of a more destructive agency on the discipline of the army than the possibility of a lengthened law-suit wearing its tortuous course along between subordinates and superiors, and hence we give our adhesion to the court-martial. -PONSONBY. Better endure "the ills we have than fly to others which we know not of." The army can only exist on condition of instantaneous and entire subordination of inferior to superior. It is an imperium in imperio. It can only fulfil its function by the careful maintenance of an esprit de corps. To admit its subordination to any other profession, and to subject the heads of it to the adjudications of lawyers would at onceinaugurate the decay of the army. The unseemly bickerings of civilians would insinuate themselves into the regiments, and the cohesion of the machinery would be destroyed. Courts-martial, rightly administered, are quite able to be used for the maintaining of the rough and ready. justice which soldiers love. They cannot, of course, quirk and quibble about delicate points with so much efficacy as one of our legal tribunals. But it can appeal to a soldier's honour and a commander's oath to do his duty, and there can be no doubt that substantial justice is given effect to in their decisions.CLYDEVIEW. NEGATIVE. Courts-martial are humbugs. They have no more right to recognition than the old forms of trial,-the wager of battle, or the ordeal; or the obsolete benefit of clergy, when those who could read their neck-verse in Latin were pretermitted from the gallows. They are institutes of tyranny, and mere means of effective ostracism against an unpopular few. They have never been satisfactory organs for the dispensation of justice. They have no recognized code of procedure. There is no digest of cases or decisions. There is no welldefined principle of procedure, and there is no tethering of the judges by the strong bonds of responsibility. They are arbitrary, clubbish, and full of chicanery. Then the judges, so called, are not trained in the laying of indictments, in the investigation of evidence, and in the collocation of proofs. Altogether, the Crawley court-martial,—a very crawling proceeding every way,has been a disgrace to civilization and the age. It is time that such possibilities of practical injustice should be swept from the face of the earth.OLD MILES. Courts-martial are remnants of classprivilege which have almost wholly decayed in our time. Like the "benefit of clergy," the benefit of the sword should be given up. To hedge round by the jealousies of class, and yet hope for just dealing, is impossible. All irresponsible tribunals are going out, why should the barbaric courts-martial remain? They may be needful in the heat of war, when the drum-head is the chair of state, and the aim is to inspire that awful fear which may quell insubordination in the hour when each effort is weighted with a double worth; but in ordinary times our ordinary courts should suffice for all just ends. Let the soldier have his court of honour for the punctilios of his profession; but let us have a free, fair inquiry into every case requiring legal penalty. In such a way alone can there be public confidence that justice is done by men accustomed to sift and criticize evidence, and to detect the weak points and irrelevancies of witnesses, where law will be a shield to protect all, and be powerful enough to punish any. Let courtsmartial be abolished, say we.-J. L. B. No; courts-martial are not in harmony with the age, because the age demands that justice shall be the foundation of law; whereas, courtsmartial substitute for justice routine and red tape. Evidence of which is furnished in the Mhow court-martial, and in the more recent one at Aldershott. It was a farce to bring over nearly half the regiment of the Inniskilling Dragoons, because quite as much justice, or injustice, could have been secured in India, without saddling the nation with some £50,000 (less than the computed expenses of the so-called trial). To remove the court-martial to England was ostensibly to secure an impartial and an unprejudiced tribunal, -a thing not to be obtained inside military red-tape, either in England or out of England. This, in short, is the gravamen of the whole matter. If you judge a man solely by his peers you must of necessity have the prejudice of class and of the order. Everybody knows that Warren Hastings, for instance, because he was judged by his peers, escaped that condemnation which he so justly merited by his infamous exactions in India. And so, in like manner, because Col. Crawley was accused outside of military rule, it became the object of the military officials to defend "one of themselves," if possible, however justice might be defrauded, so that red tape and routine, with its one bleared eye, was satisfied. Courts-martial, then, because they must of necessity contain this element of partiality, cannot be in harmony with the age. Further, they are not so by the cumbrous nature of the details which prevail at them. The facts are so enveloped in routine, that everything may be produced but the thing for which the court was convened. And then, the president of the court, if it is a general court-martial, must be a field-officer; and in other courts, an officer never less in rank than a captain. What should we think, if a hatter was accused of stealing a hat, if the law said that his trial should be conducted by a hatter, and that the officials of the court should be batters, and the jury be composed only of hatters? We should say, the whole company might be excellent hatters, but that would not entitle them to dispense law in a court of justice. Obviously, then, a military official may be an excellent military commander, but anything but a good legal authority; especially when it is remembered that military command is purchasable, not with brains, but with cash; brains being an article, if we call to remembrance some notable escapades in the Crimea, not very among military rulers. These are a few obvious reasons for thinking that courts-martial are not in harmony with the age.-J. J. common The Inquirer. QUESTIONS REQUIRING ANSWERS. 427. What is the difference between the ordinary and the philosophical signification of the term "common sense"? -ANEIM. 66 428. Twice in the course of a few days the writer has met with a word in the newspapers which he is unable to find in any dictionary, viz., "morganatic." The papers inform us that the Queen of Madagascar had morganatically married the prime minister;" and the leader of a weekly London paper asserts that the present aspirant to the throne of Denmark is "the offspring of a morganatic marriage." Perhaps one of the contributors to your "Inquirer" may be able to enlighten the ignorance of a reader of the British Controversialist. 429. Being anxious to pass the Matriculation Examination at the London University, would you, or any of your numerous correspondents, kindly inform me what course to pursue in order to be qualified to do that? and also in what time could it be done? I should feel obliged, too, for a list of the books I should read on each sub ject, together with the price of each. I have passed the Government Examination for Certificate as a British teacher, and consider myself pretty well up in the subjects of that examination. I also, in addition, know a little Latin and Greek.-THEOPHILUS. 430. What is the course, and what are the conditions, to become a barrister?-E. H. K. 431. Are the fees of a barrister fixed, and if so, what are they?-E. H. K. 432. Who is Miss Emily Faithfull, who read the paper on the " Improper Employments of Women" at the Edinburgh Social Science Congress?-E. H. 433. Could you oblige with any information regarding the life and works of M. Ernest Renan, whose "Vie de Jésus" is stirring the world so much.— ZETETIS. 434. Will any of your readers be kind enough to inform me what are the requisitions and qualifications necessary to enable an attorney's articled clerk to obtain the degree of B.L.?-T. W. 435. Could any of your correspondents inform me what are the interpretations given to the word "Selah," which |