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PRELIMINARY EGOTISM.

11 dating our great struggle are, in good part, preserved. Perhaps the events of no former war were ever so fully and promptly embodied in a single work as are those of our great contest in The Record, which must prove the generous fountain whence all future historians of our country may draw at will. But I am also considerably indebted to Mr. Orville J. Victor's History of the Southern Rebellion, wherein is embodied much valuable, important, and interesting material not contained in The Record. I shall doubtless appear to have made more use of Mr. Edward A. Pollard's Southern History of the War; which I have often cited, and shall continue to cite, for peculiar reasons. Its author is so hot-headed a devotee of Slavery and the Rebellion, that nothing which seems to favor that side is too marvelous for his deglutition; so that, if he were told that a single Confederate had constrained a Union regiment to lay down their arms and surrender, he would swallow it, without scrutiny or doubt. His work, therefore, is utterly untrustworthy as a whole; yet, in certain aspects, it has great value. He is so headlong and unquestioning a believer in the Confederacy, that he never dreams of concealing or disavowing the fundamental ideas whereon it is based; it is precisely because it stands and strikes for Slavery that he loves and glories in the Confederate cause. Then his statements of the numbers engaged or of the losses on either side are valuable in one aspect: You know that he never overstates the strength nor the losses of the Confederates; while he seems, in some instances, to have had access to official reports and other documents which have not been seen this side of the Potomac. Hence the use I have made, and shall doubtless continue to make, of his work. But I trust that it has been further serviceable to me, in putting me on my guard against those monstrous exaggerations of the numbers opposed to them with which weak, incompetent, and worsted commanders habitually excuse, or seek to cover up, their failures, defeats, and losses.

I have not found, and do not expect to find, room for biographic accounts of the generals and other commanders who figure in our great struggle, whether those who have honored and blessed or those who have betrayed and shamed their country. To have admitted these would have been to expand my work inevitably beyond the prescribed limits. By nature little inclined to man-worship, and valuing individuals only as the promoters of measures, the exponents of ideas, I have dealt with personal careers only when they clearly exhibited some phase of our National character, elucidated the state of contemporary opinion, or palpably and powerfully modified our National destinies. Thomas Jefferson, Eli Whitney, Andrew Jackson, Daniel Webster, John C. Calhoun, Benjamin Lundy, Elijah P. Lovejoy, John Brown-men differing most widely in intellectual caliber as well as in aspirations, instincts, convictions, and purposes-may fairly be regarded as, in their several spheres, representative Americans, each of whom in some sense contributed to lay the train which we have seen fired by the Secessionists of our day with so magnificent a pyrotechnic display, so majestic a resulting conflagration; and of these, accordingly, some notion may be acquired from the following pages; while, of our generals and commodores, the miniature Portraits contained in these volumes, and the record of their respective achievements, are all that I can give. So many battles, sieges, marches, campaigns, etc., remain to be narrated, that-ample as this work would seem to be, and capacious as are its pages-a naked record of the remaining events of the war, especially should it be protracted

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for a full year more, will test to the utmost my power of condensation to conclude the work in another volume of the generous amplitude of this.

My subject naturally divides itself into two parts: I. How we got into the War for the Union; and II. How we get out of it. I have respected this division in my cast of the present work, and submit this volume as a clear elucidation of the former of these problems, hoping to be at least equally satisfactory in my treatment of the latter.

It is the task of the historian to eliminate from the million facts that seemed important in their day and sphere respectively, the two or three thousand that have an abiding and general interest, presenting these in their due proportions, and with their proper relative emphasis. Any success in this task must, of course, be comparative and approximate; and no historical work ever was or will be written whereof a well-informed and competent critic might not forcibly say, ' Why was this fact stated and that omitted? Why give a page to this occurrence, and ignore that, which was of at least equal consequence? Why praise the achievement of A, yet pass over that of B, which was equally meritorious and important?' But, especially in dealing with events so fresh and recent as those of our great convulsion, must the historian expose himself to such strictures. Time, with its unerring perspective, reduces every incident to its true proportions; so that we are no longer liable to misconceptions and apprehensions which were once natural and all but universal. We know, beyond question, that Braddock's defeat and death before Fort Du Quesne had not the importance which they seemed to wear in the eyes of those who heard of them within the month after their occurrence; that Bunker Hill, though tactically a defeat, was practically a triumph to the arms of our Revolutionary fathers; that the return of Bonaparte from Elba exerted but little influence over the destinies of Europe, and that little of questionable beneficence; and that 'fillibusterism,' so called, since its first brilliant achievement in wresting Texas from Mexico and annexing her to this country, though attempting much, has accomplished very little, toward the diffusion either of Freedom or Slavery. And so, much that now seems of momentous consequence will doubtless have shrunk, a century hence, to very moderate dimensions, or perhaps been forgotten altogether.

The volume which is to conclude this work cannot, of course, appear till some time after the close of the contest; and I hope to be able to bestow upon it at least double the time that I was at liberty to devote to this. I shall labor constantly to guard against Mr. Pollard's chief error-that of supposing that all the heroism, devotedness, humanity, chivalry, evinced in the contest, were displayed on one side; all the cowardice, ferocity, cruelty, rapacity, and general depravity, on the other. I believe it to be the truth, and as such I shall endeavor to show, that, while this war has been signalized by some deeds disgraceful to human nature, the general behavior of the combatants on either side has been calculated to do honor even to the men who, though fearfully misguided, are still our countrymen, and to exalt the prestige of the American name.

That the issue of this terrible contest may be such as God, in His inscrutable wisdom, shall deem most directly conducive to the progress of our race in knowledge, virtue, liberty, and consequent happiness, is not more the fervent aspiration, than it is the consoling and steadfast faith, of

NEW YORK, April 10, 1864.

H. G.

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VII. Missouri-the Struggle for Restriction. 74
Scott-Clay-Pinkney-P. P. Barbour-Webster-
John W. Taylor-Thomas-the Compromise.

VIII. State Rights-Resolutions of '98..... 81
Nullification-Hayne-Webster-Jackson-Calhoun
-Georgia and the Indians.

IX. Abolition-Its Rise and Progress....107 Early efforts for Emancipation-Slave-holders condemn Slavery-Virginia- Benjamin Lundy-Wm. Lloyd Garrison.

X. The Churches on Slav'y and Abolition.117 XI. The Pro-Slavery Reaction-Riots.....122Rifling the Mails-Persecution and Murder of Rev. EP. Lovejoy-The Struggle in Congress for the Right of Petition.

XII. Texas and her Annexation to the U. S. 147 Sam. Houston-M. Hunt-Webster-T. W. GilmerJackson-J. Q. Adams-Van Buren-Clay-Benton -Polk-Tyler--Calhoun,

XIII. The Mission of Samuel Hoar to S. C.. 178

XIV. War with Mexico-Wilmot Proviso...185
Gen. Cass-Letter to Nicholson-Gen. Taylor chosen
President-Attempts by Gen. Burt, of S. C., and by
Senator Douglas, to extend the Compromise Line of
36° 20' to the Pacific.

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XV. The Struggle for Compromise in 1850..198

-Gov. Seward-James Brooks-Gen. Taylor-Hen-
ry Clay-Jefferson Davis-Webster's 7th of March
Speech-The Texas Job.

XVI. The Era of Slave-Hunting-1850-60.210
Fugitive Slave Law-John Van Buren-Judge Grier
-R R. Sloane--Margaret Garner-Anthony Burns
The Flaunting Lie-National Party Platforms
of 1852-Gen. Scott-Election of Pierce and King.

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XVII. The Nebraska-Kansas Struggle.....224

1854-61-Pierce-Atchison-A. C. Dodge-Douglas
-Archibald Dixon-Salmon P. Chase-Badger of
N. C.-English of Ind.-A. H. Stephens-Gov. Reed-
er-William Phillips-John W. Whitfield-Civil
War in Kansas-Wm. Dow-Sheriff Jones-Nomi-
nation of Fremont-President Fillmore at Albany-
Election of Buchanan-Lecompton-Wyandot—Ad-
mission of Kansas as a Free State.

XVIII. Case of Dred Scott in Sup. Court...251

Views of President Buchanan-Chief Justice Taney
-Judge Wayne-Judge Nelson-Judge Grier
Judge Daniel-Judge Campbell-Judge Catron-
Col. Benton-Win. L. Yancey-Daniel Webster-
Judge McLean-Judge Curtis.

XIX. Our Foreign Policy-Monroe-Cuba.264 Treaty with France-Washington-Jefferson-The 'Monroe Doctrine-The Panama Congress-Secret Intrigues for the Acquisition of Cuba-Edward Everett on the Proposition of France and England for a triplicate guarantee of Cuba to Spain -The Ostend Manifesto-William Walker and the 'regeneration' of Central America-Mr. Buchanan on Cuba-Democratic National resolve of 1860 respecting Cuba

XX. John Brown and his Raid..........279 Lineage and early life of John Brown-His Kansas Experiences His Convention in Canada-Repairs to Virginia-Seizes Harper's Ferry-Is overpowered -captured-convicted-hung.

XXI. The Presidential Canvass of 1860..299 State Elections of 1857-8-9-Lincoln versus Douglas -Gov. Seward's Irrepressible Conflict'-Slavery legally established in New Mexico-Helper's Impending Crisis' in Congress-defeats John Sherman for Speaker-Pennington chosen-Jeff. Davis's new Democratic Platform-The National Democratic Convention at Charleston-Splits on a PlatformThe fragments adjourn to Baltimore and RichmondDouglas and Fitzpatrick nominated by the larger fraction-Breckinridge and Lane by the smallerFitzpatrick declines-H. V. Johnson substitutedBell and Everett nominated by the Constitutional Union Party-Lincoln and Hamlin by the Republicans The Canvass-Gov. Seward's closing words.

XXII. Secession inaugurated in S. C......328
Legislature called-Gov. Gist's Message-Senator
Chesnut's Speech-Boyce-Moses-Trenholm--

McGowan-Mullins-Ruffin-Judge Magrath re-
signs--Military Convention in Georgia-Votes to se-
cede-Facilities to Disunion-Houston-Letcher-
Magoffin-Conway-C. F. Jackson-Alex. II. Ste-
phens S. C. Convention-Ordinance of Secession
Immediately and unanimously passed-Georgia fol-
lows so do Alabama, Florida, Mississippi, Louis-
lana, and Texas-Arkansas, North Carolina, Vir-
ginia, Missouri, Tennessee, Kentucky, Maryland and
Delaware, refuse to do likewise-The Secessionists a
minority in the Slave States.

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XXIII. The Press and People of the North
deprecate Civil War...........351

The Tribune's overture-The Albany Evening
Journal's The Philadelphia Meeting-Mayor
Henry Judge Woodward-George W. Curtis
suppressed.

XXIV. Attempts at 'Conciliation' in Cong. 367

Buchanan and Black condemn 'coercion'-
Mr. Crittenden and his Compromise-Mr. Cor-
win's Committee of Thirty-one-Senator Antho-
ny's proffer-C. L. Vallandigham's project-The
Corwin Constitutional Amendment adopted by
either House.

XXV. Peace Democracy at the North, and
the Peace Conference at Wash-
ington.....

The Tweddle Hall Convention at Albany, 1861
-Seymour, Thayer, etc.-Peace Conference or
Congress at Washington-Modified Crittenden
Compromise adopted thereby-Congress non-
concurs-Failure to compromise-Why.

388

XXVI. The Union versus the Confederacy..407
Organization of the Confederacy-Jefferson Da-
vis chosen President, and Alex. H. Stephens
Vice-President-Davis's Inaugural-Stephens's
'corner-stone' speech-Mr. Lincoln's journey to
Washington-Speeches-Inaugural.

XXVII. The Pause before the Shock......428
The two Cabinets-Attempts to Negotiate by
Forsyth and Crawford-Repelled by Gov. Sew-
ard-Judge Campbell's Statement-Northern
proposals to join the Confederacy-Society for
the promotion of National Unity.

XXVIII. Siege and Reduction of Ft. Sumter 440

Hesitation-Futile Negotiations-Attempt to
provision-Order to open fire-Bombardment
commenced-Fire returned-Interior of the fort
in flames-Wigfall's volunteer embassy-Ander-
son surrenders-Garrison leaves for New York-
Dixie jubilant.

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XXXII. West Virginia clings to the Union 516

Convention called-State organization effected
-McClellan advances-Fight at Rich Moun-
tain-Rebel rout at Carrick's Ford-Union Re-
pulse at Scarytown-Surprise at Cross Lanes-
Carnifex Ferry-Guyandotte Romney-Alle-
ghany Summit-Huntersville.

XXXIII. The War in Old Virginia........528

Ft Monroe-Great Bethel-Alexandria occu-
pled-Vienna-Patterson's advance-His flank
movement to Charlestown-Johnston rushes to
Manassas Gen. Sanford's testimony-McDow-
ell advances to Centerville-Blackburn's Ford
-Bull Run-Union defeat and flight-Causes
thereof Gen, Scott's plan-Criticised by Hon.
F. P. Blair-Consequences of our failure.

XXXIV. First session of the 37th Congress 555
Organization of the House-Mr Lincoln's first
Message Various propositions-Henry May's
visit to Richmond-Conservative Republicans
on Slavery and the Union-Mr. Crittenden's
resolve-Proposals to Compromise-Confisca-
tion of Slaves used to promote the Rebellion-
The President's acts approved-Adjournment.
XXXV. Rebellion and War in Missouri.572
State preparations to aid the Rebellion-Flight
of Jackson from Jefferson City-Fight at
Booneville-Camp Cole-State Convention--
Jackson's Proclamation of War-Dug Springs
-Battle of Wilson's Creek-Death of Lyon-
Fremont in command-Letter to the President
-Proclaims Martial Law-Mulligan besieged
at Lexington-Surrenders-Price retreats-
Fremont pursces-Zagonyi's Charge at Spring-
field-Fremont superseded-Halleck in com-
mand-Battle of Belmont.

XXXVI. War on the Seaboard and Ocean. 598

The Privateer Savannah- The Petrel-Fort
Hatteras Pensacola and Pickens--The Sum-
ter-Hollins's Ram exploit-Dupont and Sher-
man's Expedition-Capture of Port Royal-
The Trent Case-Surrender of Mason and Sli-
dell.

XXXVII Kentucky adheres to the Union. 608
Politicians-Elections-Overwhelming Union
majorities-Magoffin's neutrality-The Presi-
dent's response-Rebel Invasion-Legislature
protests-Gen. Grant occupies Paducah-Zol.
licoffer at Wild Cat-Nelson at Piketon-
Schoepf's Retreat-Rebel Government organ-
ized at Russellville-Geo. W. Johnson made
Governor-Kentucky gravely admitted into
the Southern Confederacy-Full delegation
sent to the Congress at Richmond-Richard
Hawes finally declared Governor.

XXXVIII. The Potomac-Ball's Bluff......618

Scott a failure-Gen. McClellan called to
Washington-Brings Order out of Chaos-
Great increase of our Army-No advance→→
Ball's Bluff--Dranesville-All Quiet'-The
Hutchinsons expelled-Whittier's Lyric.

Appended Notes.

....631

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