On the receipt of this the two companies of the Twenty-second then at Chicago were reported to the mayor, and by 2 p. m. four more companies of the Twenty-second and six of the Ninth had arrived and been put on duty, but none of the regular troops were engaged in the affray with the mob.145 On the morning of the 27th the mayor called for guards from these troops to protect the city gas and water works, and these were promptly given, as also, on the application of the Treasury officials, guards were placed at the bonded warehouses. Later in the day the following instructions were sent to General Drum: WAR DEPARTMENT, Washington, D. C., July 27, 1877. Col. R. C. DRUM, Chicago, Ill.: The President directs that the troops under your command are to be used in protecting the property of the United States and in enforcing the process of the courts of the United States. Should a pressing emergency again arise for their use otherwise, you will telegraph for further orders unless circumstances make it impossible. You will make such display of your force for moral effect as you may deem expedient and will advise me as to situation. GEO. W. MCCRARY, Although there was some rioting at Chicago for several days following, there were no serious encounters with the strikers, and when General Sheridan arrived, on the 30th, he was able to report that the city was tranquil, and he had no doubt that this was largely due to the confidence inspired by the presence of the regular troops. 147 In deference to this condition of public opinion, the troops were kept at Chicago until about the 20th of August, but at no time were they actively employed. The strike reached St. Louis on the 23d. On the previous evening the railroad employees in that section met at East St. Louis and decided to tie up all freight trains at midnight. Information of this decision was immediately communicated to the President, who directed General Pope, then commanding the Department of the Missouri at Fort Leavenworth, to send to St. Louis all the force he could spare, and to proceed to that point himself if he deemed it necessary. In accordance with these instructions, Col. Jeff. C. Davis, with six com panies of the Twenty-third Infantry, left Fort LeavenRioting at St. Louis, Mo., worth at 10 p. m. of the 23d, arriving at St. Louis on July 23-26, 1877. the afternoon of the 24th. The commanding officer of these troops was expressly instructed that his duty was simply to protect the property of the United States; that until a call should have been made by the State upon the United States, duly responded to, he should take no part in suppressing insurrection against the State laws. 153 Later in the day General Davis was joined by two companies from Fort Riley, with two Gatling guns, and six more companies 4 were put en route. During the night of the 24th and throughout the 25th the mob at St. Louis was being constantly recruited, and the situation was extremely threatening. The same practice of closing the workshops as a method of showing sympathy with the railroad strikers as was carried out in other cities was pursued at this point, so that the streets became congested with idle workmen, the shiftless unemployed and the miscellaneous rabble that is always abroad at such times, and the same spirit of riot that had exhausted itself in the East now renewed itself on the west bank of the Mississippi. On the 25th and 26th business at St. Louis was at a standstill. To prevent a repetition of the scenes at Pittsburg and Chicago, the citizens formed large committees, and these having called upon the General Government for 10,000 arms and sufficient ammunition, General Pope was authorized to deliver all that were required "to the State authorities upon a requisition of the governor." On the 26th an immense crowd marched through the streets in regular column, surrounded the police headquarters and the armories of the militia, daring the latter to fight and taunting the police with cowardice. At East St. Louis the situation was even worse. No freight trains were permitted to leave in any direction, and the strikers were masters of the situation. This point, however, was within the limits of the State of Illinois, and no call for troops for use at East St. Louis had been received. In the meantime the citizens at St. Louis, to the number of more than 3,000, had been organized and armed and were doing good service. On the 27th the judge of the United States court called for aid in enforcing the mandates of his court, and General Davis, having been directed to furnish it, immediately reported to the marshal, who, with the aid of the troops, seized and held the yards and tracks of the Ohio and Mississippi and the St. Louis and Southeastern, as well as the St. Louis bridge, and on the morning of the 28th General Davis crossed the river and took possession of East St. Louis. This was the beginning of the end. The governor of Illinois arrived during the day and asked for aid, but the President decided that beyond protecting United States property and enforcing the mandates of the courts the troops should not act until the States of Missouri and Illinois had exhausted all their resources in enforcing peace and order within their own borders. The strikers by this time had opened negotiations with their employers, and within twenty-four hours freight trains were moving on the trunk lines, and by the 2d of August business had resumed its ordinary channels. The troops remained at St. Louis until the 20th, when they were returned to their stations. Although the more serious disturbances of the labor strikes of 1877 were confined to the States here mentioned, their reflex action affected to a greater or less degree several of the surrounding States. In New York there were riots at Buffalo, Hornellsville, Elmira, and a half dozen other States. other points, but in every instance the National Guard proved competent to handle the situation. On Wednesday, the 25th, every railroad man in New Jersey was on strike and traffic was entirely suspended, but there were no acts of violence, and the determined attitude of the authorities at Jersey City and Newark prevented any prolongation of the blockade. In several Western cities, other than those already mentioned, the idle and dangerous classes attempted to intimidate the authorities, and in some cases bold and lawless mobs held towns and railway junctions and prevented the running of On the 24th the unsettled and affairs at Detroit induced the of Michigan to request that if necessary the troops at Fort Wayne be made subject to his orders, as it was feared an emergency might arise where their services would be absolutely necessary in maintaining peace and enforcing obedience to the laws. 154 He was advised, however, that the troops of the United States are to protect public property and by their presence promote peace and order, and that they can not take part in suppressing insurrection against State laws until call is made by the State upon the United States and responded to in the manner provided by the Constitution and the laws, 155 Disturbances in trains for several days. threatened condition of governor A similar condition of affairs at Milwaukee on the 25th resulted in a similar request from the governor of Wisconsin,156 and on the same day the governor of California, in the fear that the local police and State militia would prove inadequate to quell impending disturbances, desired that all the United States forces at San Francisco be placed at his disposal to be used in case of emergency.158 In both cases the trouble had passed before the Government found it necessary to decide upon a course of action. Again, on the 27th, when the employees of the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy tied up the trains of that line at Burlington, the citizens of that city suggested that regular troops might be held within call from the governor. On that day General Pope was at St. Louis and General Ruger at Louisville, in order that they could, if necessary, advise the President as to the need of troops at those points; and all the troops in the Department of the Gulf and the Department of the South were ordered North; but happily these precautions were needless. In his annual report to Congress for the year 1877 the President remarked as follows concerning the foregoing occurrence: The very serious riots which occurred in several of the States in July last rendered necessary the employment of a considerable portion of the Army to preserve the peace and maintain order. In the States of West Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Illinois these disturbances were so formidable as to delay the local and State authorities, and the National Executive was called upon, in the mode provided by the Constitution and laws, to furnish military aid. I am gratified to be able to state that the troops sent in response to these calls for aid in the suppression of domestic violence were able, by the influence of their presence in the disReports of President turbed regions, to preserve the peace and restore order without and Secretary of War. the use of force. In the discharge of this delicate and important duty both officers and men acted with great prudence and cour age, and for their services deserve the thanks of the country. Similarly the Secretary of War: I am glad to be able to announce that the Army has again shown itself the staunch friend of law, the firm supporter of the lawful authorities, and in an eminent degree the conservator of peace and order. It is also a source of great pleasure to me to be able to announce that the national forces sent to quell these disturbances met with little resistance, and were able to execute all their orders without firing a gun and without bloodshed. The single instance of serious resistance, at Johnstown, Pa., it is believed may have been in ignorance of the fact that it was made against the national troops. X. DISTURBANCES IN THE TERRITORIES, 1878–1894. LAWLESSNESS IN NEW MEXICO, 1878-DISORDER AT HASTINGS, NEBR., 1879-APACHE OUTRAGES, 1882-DISORDERS AT SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH, 1885-CHINESE OUTRAGES, 1885-86-CHINESE AT ROCK SPRINGS, WYO.-CHINESE AT SEATTLE, WASH.-CHINESE IN NEW MEXICO-RIOTING AT COEUR D'ALENE MINES, IDAHO, 1892-MUNICIPAL TROUBLES, DENVER, COLO., 1894. From about the middle of October, 1877, to the fall of 1878, the county of Lincoln, in the Territory of New Mexico, was in a state of anarchy. Lawlessness and murder ran riot throughout the county, and there was at no time during that period any civil or other power in the Territory with the ability or inclination to maintain order, except the regular troops, who were prohibited by law from assisting in any manner to keep the peace. Bands of armed men, comprising in the aggregate perhaps 250, roamed the country at will, robbing mail coaches, plundering stores and ranches, burning settlements, committing murder and every possible outrage. To resist them the county possessed the ordinary legal machinery, which, in that section of our frontier was somewhat rudely adjusted, and the Territory even less power and no means of exercising it in the direction of restoring order or enforcing the laws. In February the governor of the Territory had applied to the senior officer of the Army in his vicinity for assistance and had been advised that troops could only be furnished on the orders of the President, which must be based upon a proper application in the form prescribed by the statute. In March the governor forwarded a telegram from the sheriff of Lincoln County asking for aid in serving the legal processes of the courts, 162 and upon this the Secretary of War directed that the military be ordered to support the civil Territorial authorities in maintaining order and enforcing legal process. The Judge-Advocate-General of the Army, however, was of the opinion that a sheriff, or other State official, had no such authority as that possessed by a United States marshal to call upon United States troops to serve as a posse; that the governor's application was not accompanied by a statement that the legislature could not be convened, and if it had been so accompanied the application would not have been within the constitutional provision, since the same applies to "States" and not to Territories. 164 163 Lawlessness in New Mexico, 1878. At that time there was pending before Congress a bill, which subsequently became a law, that was intended to govern the employment of |