Church, use none of the forms, and make religion a matter of conscience. These "separated" from the national church and from the main body of Puritans and established a church of their own. They were called "Separatists." The Pilgrims were Separatists who found it necessary, on account of the opposition of the king, to leave England. They settled at Leyden, Holland, where they were allowed to worship according to their peculiar belief. On account of their wanderings, they were called "Pilgrims."

77. The Pilgrims.—But while they were given freedom of worship, the Pilgrims found that that did not constitute all that was desirable in life. They were among a people foreign in language and in customs. As years passed they saw their children adopting the language, the manners, the dress, of the Hollander. They longed for a place where they might, without danger of losing their identity as Englishmen, have that religious freedom for which they had sacrificed so much. The New World presented such a field, and in September of 1620, after many grievous trials and disappointments, a company of one hundred or more of the bravest set sail for America in the good ship Mayflower. The men of this little company were very different from the "gentlemen" who went to Virginia to hunt for gold, or from the real gentlemen who went there later to live on the great plantations. The Pilgrims came to this country to make homes for themselves and their families. They came that they might enjoy once more the political and religious freedom which they had lost in their English home through the tyranny of King James I. They were men accustomed to work, fearless of hardships, and determined to succeed.

78. The Voyage and the Compact.-During the nine weeks of the voyage the weather proved exceedingly rough, and the Mayflower was driven hither and thither, the sport of the winds. The Pilgrims having secured a grant from the London Company, intended to settle in the northern part of that Company's dominions, but the captain lost his

bearings, and it was found on sighting land they had been driven north to the coast of Massachusetts. They entered Cape Cod Bay, and landed at the place which Captain John Smith in his map had called Plymouth-and thus "Plymouth Rock" became one of the historic spots of America. To-day a suitable monument marks the spot, commemorative of the "Landing of the Pilgrim Fathers."

Being outside the London Company grant, their charter was void. They therefore gathered in the cabin of the Mayflower and "solemnly covenanted and combined themselves into a 'civil body politick' for their 'better ordering and preservation."" They acknowledged King James as their sovereign, but they declared as well their intention to make and obey their own laws. This was not an announcement of independence, but it meant self-government. This compact was solemnly signed, John Carver was chosen governor, and the Pilgrims began their new life.

79. Hardships Endured. The landing was made December, 1620. The prospect was anything but inviting. Winter had already set in, and it was upon them in all its New England rigor ere they could provide themselves suitable shelter. Sickness resulted, and before the winter was over half their number were in their graves, Governor Carver among them. But the living despaired not. They were sustained by the strongest sentiments that spring from the human heart-love of liberty, and the love of God. The return of spring brought brighter days. More Pilgrims joined the colony and before another winter came they were in better condition to withstand its rigor.

80. The Indians and Miles Standish.-In his "History of Plymouth Plantation," William Bradford, who had succeeded to the leadership on the death of John Carver, remarks concerning their choice of location that "it was devoid of all civill inhabitants, wher ther are only savage and brutish men which range up and downe, little otherwise than ye wild beasts of the same." On account of the firmness and

vigilance of Miles Standish, the military man of the colony, these "brutish" men gave them little trouble. This was, to some extent, due to the fact that a pestilence had several years before almost completely annihilated the Indians of that immediate section. Massasoit, their chief, visited the colony and, being treated kindly, he became the fast friend of the colonists and for years no serious trouble occurred.

MASSACHUSETTS-BAY COLONY

SALEM, 1628

81. The Puritans at Salem and Boston.-Although greatly persecuted by the king and Archbishop Laud, the head of the Church of England, the Puritans rapidly became a power in English social and political life. Many of them were of the nobility, men of wealth and standing. They could not tamely submit to the exactions of the king.

The suc

cess of the Plymouth colony was by this time assured and turned the thoughts of many to the New World. A company was formed, a grant secured between the Charles and Merrimac rivers, and from "sea to sea," and, in 1628, a small company under the leadership of John Endicott settled at Salem. The leaders in England continued to agitate the matter and the following year succeeded in securing from the king a very liberal charter which practically placed the government in their own hands. It was resolved by the company to move at once to this grant, and, in 1630, a wholesale immigration began. This was unlike the beginnings of Virginia or Plymouth. The larger number of the newcomers were men of property, of education, accustomed to the refinements of life and to have a voice in the affairs of state. They took with them every appliance of civilized life then known. They "transplanted, full grown, a large and healthy tree of liberty and set it in the soil of a new state." About one thousand persons composed the first body to leave England. Their arrival was hailed with joy by the settlers at Plymouth and Salem. They settled for the most part at points about

Boston Bay; some at Salem, others started Charlestown, while still others, among them Governor Winthrop, laid out the town of Boston. The map shows that the geography

of this country differs from the geography of Virginia. This caused a difference in the occupations of the people. The rocky soil is thin and poor, the rivers short and rapid. Obviously, their chief source of wealth was in manufacturing and in commerce, for which the deeply-indented seacoast furnishes harbors. As a result, towns and cities sprang up all over New England. The town, and not the county, became the unit of government.

82. Church and State. In the government of the colony the suffrage and office-holding privilege was extended to church members only. The union of church and state thus became as complete as in Old England, and even more so. Only one religious belief was allowed. To depart by a hair's breadth from this was heresy, punishable by fine and imprisonment, and, if persisted in, by banishment.

83. The Growth of Democracy-The Town Meeting.-The "town meeting" was an institution in which, from the beginning, the plant of democracy found its richest soil. There every matter of public moment was open for discussion. Once a week, or oftener, if public business required it, they gathered in the "town house," made simple rules for the government of the community, settled disputes or engaged in social converse. The effect was to interest each individual in the welfare of the community. It developed the idea of individual responsibility, so essential to a republican form of government.

There was born that spirit which dared imprison Andros; which later applauded Otis's "taxation without representation is tyranny"; which made Massachusetts the leader in the Revolution.

84. Religious Differences: Roger Williams, Anne Hutchinson, and the Quakers.-The Puritans left the Church of England for conscience sake. Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson gave the same reason for leaving the Puritans. The freedom of speech demanded by the Puritan necessarily produced fruit of its kind. It was therefore natural that differences should arise. In 1631 there came to Plymouth a young Welshman, Roger Williams, of greatly advanced ideas concerning religion and government. He believed in complete religious toleration, such as we practice to-day. He also believed in the complete separation of church and state. In Salem, where he became pastor of the church, he preached these views with such earnestness as to incur the displeasure of the leading men. For the Puritan came to America for freedom to worship as he believed proper, not to offer an asylum for all beliefs. Williams had also offended the government by declaring that land should be bought direct from the Indian; that the king had no right to make grants, for the reason that the land did not belong to him. These doctrines so alarmed the leaders of the colony that they determined to send Williams to England for trial. Receiving word of this, Williams took refuge with some friendly Indians, with whom he stayed during the winter of 1636. In that year he founded Providence. Anne Hutchinson also came under the ban of the Puritan leaders for preaching doctrines contrary to their belief. She had come to Boston in 1634 and being very eloquent, and of great ability in the discussion of religious questions, soon had the colonists in a ferment. In 1637 she was banished.

Later in the history of the colony the Quakers caused serious disturbances by teaching their doctrines. They were repeatedly banished, but as often returned. A peace-loving