through his plantation and loaded it on his ships, which took it to England. When the ships returned they brought the planter all the manufactured articles he needed. Since each man traded directly with England, no towns, and very few cities, sprang up in Virginia; for towns depend for their existence on trade and manufacturing. The smallest polit

ical divisions in Virginia, therefore, were the counties, and at the county court-house the planters met at stated times to help govern the colony.

In 1619 Sir George Yeardley, a man of liberal ideas, was appointed governor, and in that same year he instituted representative government, the colonists meeting in the first Representative Assembly in America. They were to "have power to make and ordaine whatsoever laws and orders shoulde by them be thought good and profitable for their subsistence." In 1621 this "power" was embodied in a written constitution which granted among other privileges the right to elect their own representatives and the right of trial by jury. This marked the beginnings of the republic.

69. Indian Massacres of 1622 and 1644.-His early illtreatment by the whites only served to intensify in the

Indian his naturally suspicious and revengeful nature. The wise policy of John Smith, with the consequent friendliness of Powhatan, leader of a confederation of clans numbering eight thousand, had continued to have a restraining influence, even after the death of that chieftain. So that, except in isolated cases, peace had prevailed. But in 1622 the settler was rudely awakened from his fancied security. On March 22 a massacre, planned with shrewd cunning, was started along a line of settlements one hundred and forty miles in extent. The plot had included Jamestown, but an Indian warned a friend there in time to put the people on their guard, and they were saved. Some three hundred men, women, and children were cruelly put to death before the ravages of the Indians could be checked. Vigorous measures were at once adopted to punish the Indians. They were driven from point to point, and their villages and crops laid waste. But it cost the colonists a third of their number. Peace reigned for twenty-two years, when the Indians again attempted to exterminate the whites. But this time they were so thoroughly punished that there was never again a general uprising in Virginia.

70. The Charter Revoked. The growth of the Virginia colony had now reached a point at which it began to be a matter of public moment. In 1619 its friends in parliament were strong enough to secure the appointment of Yeardley and the institution of the reforms he inaugurated. The House of Burgesses, the first popular constitutional body in the colonies, was established in this year. But the democratic tendency of these reforms was particularly obnoxious to King James I. He was exceedingly jealous of his rights, and feared the outcome of this liberal spirit. He therefore took occasion to pick a quarrel with the stockholders. He used the result of the Indian massacre as the basis of a charge that they were unable to give proper protection to the colonists, and shrewdly threw the contest into the courts, where, the judges being under his control,

the charge against the stockholders was sustained. The charter was at once revoked and a royal governor was appointed by the king, but the attention of the king being required at home, no further disturbance of conditions occurred.

71. Two Types-Berkeley and Bacon.-Aside from the historical interest connected with the acts of Sir William Berkeley and Nathaniel Bacon, they may each be taken to represent distinct types among the colonists. These types, developing early, gradually enrolled the adherents of monarchial rule on the one side, while on the other were gathered those of democratic tendencies. The contest between them culminated in the Revolution.

After the charter was revoked in 1624, the king appointed the governors who, in conjunction with the House of Burgesses, ruled the colony. Naturally, these men were in sympathy with the policies of the appointing power. Their rule was arbitrary in the degree that English home-rule was arbitrary.

72. Sir William Berkeley was appointed governor in 1644. James I. had died, and Charles I., even more insistent of "kingly rights" than his predecessor, was on the throne. Berkeley was most zealous in the cause of his master, and soon was at swords' points with the Virginia House of Burgesses and the people. That he did not lose his head on account of his tyrannical rule, as did his royal master, was largely due to the lack of a leader and the forbearance of the people. He was recalled in 1651, but on the accession of Charles II. was again appointed governor by the Virginia Assembly. He proved a fit tool for that erratic monarch, for, although the colonists had been loyal to the Crown during the period of the Commonwealth, that did not deter Berkeley in the course of oppression he immediately adopted in relation to Virginia. For the purpose of increasing the revenues, he ordered a rigorous enforcement of the Navigation Act (1651), which made it obligatory to ship all products to England in English ves

sels. All purchases for the colonies were to pass through English ports, and to be brought over in English ships. This lowered the price of what they had to sell and raised the price of that which they wished to buy. On his part, Berkeley secured the election of a House of Burgesses composed in great part of royalists. In conjunction with these, he levied exorbitant taxes, restricted the suffrage to "landowners and housekeepers," and passed oppressive laws concerning church attendance. He ignored the rights of the people by continuing this same House for sixteen years without an election-simply adjourning it from year to year. As years passed, this policy resulted in a feeling of discontent among the people, and when in 1673 the king, in disregard of the sacred rights of the colonists, actually gave to two of his court favorites the whole of Virginia, this discontent increased to the point of insurrection. It needed but a leader and a moving cause-the former was present in the person of Nathaniel Bacon; the latter in the person of the restive Algonkin savage on the frontier.

73. Nathaniel Bacon was a young lawyer who had suffered with the people. He knew their trials; he also knew their rights as Englishmen, and dared to maintain them. For several years the Indians had been committing depredations on the border. Berkeley had been importuned to suppress them by ordering out the militia, but, fearing lest they turn on him, he had refused. Finally, the people assembled and elected young Bacon commander, yet Berkeley refused him a commission and declared him a rebel. Bacon and his followers, however, defeated the Indians, and later drove Berkeley and his adherents on board ship, where they were kept prisoners until certain reforms were agreed to. But when quiet was restored, the royalists refused to carry out the reforms. Bacon and his men, many of whom were owners of property in Jamestown, now resolved on heroic measures. They drove the royalists out of Jamestown and burned it to the ground, many setting the torch to their own homes.

Williamsburg was made the seat of government by the successful colonists. The rebellion was at its height when the leader fell ill of a fever and died-and with him died the revolt. Berkeley, regaining control of the government, visited terrible retribution on those engaged in the rebellion. He hanged a large number, imprisoned others and confiscated the property of all the leaders. So severe was he that the

king himself in a burst of impatience declared that Berkeley had taken more lives in that naked country than he himself had for the murder of his father.

MASSACHUSETTS-THE PLYMOUTH COLONY

PLYMOUTH, 1620

74. The Plymouth Company.-On the failure of the first attempt of the Plymouth Company in 1607 on the coast of Maine, the members became involved in a controversy as to management, and nothing further was done until after reorganization of the Company in 1620. It then became known as the "Council for New England."

75. Religious Awakening of the Sixteenth Century.-If the times are propitious, any reform, as it proceeds, gathers strength from causes without, as well as within, itself. Luther's protest in 1517 became a great religious awakening, and in time changed the established lines of religious thought. Its success was enhanced by the fact that an awakening was also in progress in educational, scientific, and all other lines of thought. In England the movement resulted in the establishment of the Church of England, whose ritual retained much of the formal method of worship used by the Catholic Church.

76. What is a Puritan? a Separatist? a Pilgrim ?—These are common terms in the history of Massachusetts. In the Church of England was a body of men who were called Puritans because they desired to "purify" the church. A majority of the Puritans would have been satisfied if this had been done. Others resolved to throw off all semblance to the Catholic