He was brave-none braver-ambitious and generous and eloquent in defence of his rights. Yet he was cautious to the point of cowardice, and held revenge to be an honor and a duty. He was suspicious and jealous. He was a worshiper of nature. A wild animal, a bird, the sun, the voice of a Niagara, and all manner of living things and inanimate

objects became his gods. He worshiped both a "Great Spirit" and an "Evil Spirit"-the latter because it was wicked and he feared it might do him harm.

He yielded authority only to the tribal will, and his tenacious-almost devout-belief in the tribal organization as a form of political government has retarded his progress more than all other causes.

He was indeed but a "child" of the forest. He has been one of the vexed problems of the republic. Even after centuries of effort, civilization has laid but little hold upon him. He "quickly learned to use the white man's musket"; but he has been slow "to use the tools of the white man's industry." He often developed an uncontrollable appetite for intoxicating drinks,-the habit many times proving his undoing.

53. Where Is the Indian Now ?-The Indian has not been

It

exterminated. The erroneous belief that at the time of discovery the United States held a population of sixteen million Indians has been dispelled in recent years. is now thought that this population at the time of discovery did not exceed three hundred thousand souls. The census of 1900 shows an equal number of Indians still living within the borders of the republic.

During the period from Washington to Roosevelt the government has expended-for purchase of Indian lands, for Indian education and support, a total of nearly four hundred millions of dollars. For the year 1901 an appropriation of nearly nine millions was made by Congress.

In 1823, all the Indians east of the Mississippi, excepting those of New York and some small tribes of the Atlantic states, were by treaty removed to the Indian country west of the Mississippi-and to reservations to be located thereafter by the government. This Indian country has narrowed down in the present day to the Indian Territory, occupied by the "five civilized tribes" -comprising the Seminole Indians, and the Creek, Cherokee, Chicasaw, and Choctaw nations-and to a few reservations in the territory of Oklahoma.

East of the Mississippi there are but two notable reservations-in the states of New York and Wisconsin; while each state and territory west of the Mississippi, excepting Missouri, Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas, has one or more Indian reservations within its borders. These reservations are under the control of the Interior Department at Washington. Schools have been established on all, and in 1900 more than twenty thousand Indian children were in daily attendance upon these schools. In order to bring the Indian more closely under the influences of civilization, the government has established more than a hundred boarding schools in the very midst of white communities. The largest of these are Carlisle (Pennsylvania), Haskell Institute (Lawrence, Kansas), and Phoenix (Arizona). In these

boarding schools are enrolled four or five thousand of the best young men and women from the Indian tribes of the country.

54. Present Government Policy: Allotment Act: The Indian's Future. The government has tried many experiments and plans in dealing with the Indian-some good, some bad. No Congress of the United States has ever convened without passing some "Indian legislation" and making an appropriation. There are those who insist that, after a century of dealing with the problem, "the United States has failed with the Indian." However, this failure is only an apparent one. The government is now rapidly abandoning its reservation system and substituting therefor the present Indian policy of the republic-"To fit the Indian for civilization and to absorb him into it." The education of the Indian youth on one hand, and the allotment of homesteads to their elders on the other, are silently working their way. The Allotment Act passed by Congress in 1887 has sealed the doom of the reservation policy. It is breaking up the tribe as a social and political unit and placing in its stead the family-with its father, mother, and children constituting an Indian home-upon which a civilization can be built. In a few years, under this policy, the tribal authority will become extinct and thousands of industrious Indian households will be absorbed into the citizen. ship of the republic.

་ཀ་་ས་ངས་

CHAPTER IV

THE COMING OF THE ENGLISH HOME BUILDERS

1607-1733

55. England.—England had responded readily to the new movement brought about by the revival of learning and her people had rapidly taken rank among the most intelligent in Europe. The great religious Reformation had quickened the intellectual life of the island kingdom, and made her people God-fearing and liberty-loving. Her rulers, however, held tenaciously to the belief in the "divine right of kings," and through their tyranny and misgovernment there was gradually developed in the English heart a belief in the "divine right of the people. At first a mere belief—a feeble contention against the injustices of her monarchs—it later became a fixed conviction of the English nation-rising both at home and in the American colonies to the dignity of an emphatic protest against the usurpations of kings.

56. The Reign of the Stuarts-1603-1714.-When Elizabeth died in 1603 there came into power the sovereigns of the House of Stuart-who held sway during one of the most exciting centuries in the history of England-—a century of bitter strife between people and monarchs, in which the former triumphed only after much shedding of blood. During its progress one king yielded up his life on the block; another was driven from his throne. In their wrath at the despotism of the first Charles, parliament overthrew the monarchy and set up the Commonwealth, which later gave way to the Protectorate of Cromwell. Then tiring of the dissension bred by religious and political differences the people restored the Stuarts to power and for nearly a third

of a century tolerated their despotie rule. Finally in another burst of wrath they drove the last of the Stuart despots into France, and under William III. and Queen Mary established firmly the constitutional monarchy-the beginning of the England of to-day.

Of the Stuarts, James I. ruled from 1603 to 1625, and Charles I. from 1625 to 1649. When the latter was beheaded, the Commonwealth was set up, continuing from 1649 to 1653, when it was followed by the Protectorate. In 1660 the Restoration placed Charles II. on the throne, which he occupied until 1685. His successor, James II., ruling from 1685 to 1688, was driven from the throne, whereupon the Dutch prince, William of Orange, and Mary, the daughter of the banished king, ruled from 1688 to 1694, and William alone to 1702. Queen Anne ruled from 1702 to 1714. From Elizabeth to Anne marks a little more than a century of history. Within that century all of the thirteen original colonies but Georgia (1733) were settled. The religious persecutions of the Stuart rulers hastened the growth of the English colonies in the New World—many thousands of liberty-loving Englishmen having fled from their homes to join their brothers in America.

57. The First English Settlement in America, however, was due to business enterprise and not to persecution. At the beginning of the seventeenth century England was enjoying a period of peace, and many soldiers had returned home. Work had to be provided for them. A change had taken place in the methods and products of the farm. Increased facilities for the manufacture of woolen goods had made such a demand for that article that landowners in England had turned field into pasture. The raising of sheep required fewer laborers on the farm and this added to the over

crowding of the labor market. An outlet was necessary and America with her boundless possibilities seemed provided for the occasion. Raleigh, Pring, Gosnold, and Weymouth had opened the way and the London Com