475; in Hayes' administration,
483; Pendleton Act, 487, 488.
Civil War, remote causes, 259;
events of 1861, 398-408; map of,
399; table of important battles
of 1861, 408; situation at the
close of the year 1861, 408;
plan of operations for 1862, 409;
events of 1862, 409-424; situa-
tion at the close of the year,
423-424; table of important bat-
tles of 1862, 424; plan of op-
erations for 1863, 425; events
of 1863, 425-437 situation at
the close of 1863, 436; table
of important battles of 1863,
437; plan of operations for 1864,
437; events of 1864, 437-447
situation at close of 1864, 447;
table of important battles of
1864, 447; plan of operations
for 1865, 448; events of 1865,
448-453; important battles of
1865, 453; cost of, in men and
treasure-finances of, 455-456:
progress during, 456-457; grand
review at Washington, at the
close of, 458, 459; problems after
the war, 462.
Claiborne (cla'born), rebellion of
98, 99.
Clark, George Rogers, service of
during the Revolution, 203, 204.
Clay, Henry, in war congress, 277,
278; advocate of tariff of 1824,
292; presidential candidate, 293,
310; protested against Jackson's
bank policy, 311; candidate for
presidency, 315; leader of Whig
party, 316; 323; opposed an-
nexation of Texas, 331; Whig
candidate for presidency, 333;
and Compromise of 1850, 350,
351; death of, 354 compared
with Webster and Calhoun, 354,
355.
Clayton-Bulwer treaty, 353, 504.
Cleveland,
presi-
Grover, elected
dent, 489; first administration
of, 489-493; sketch of life, 489,
490; and the "Spoils System,"
490; vetoes private pension
bills, 490, 491 defeated by Har-
rison in election of 1888, 493:
elected president, 495; second
administration of, 495-498; and
the Monroe Doctrine in Venezu-
ela, 497.
Clinton. De Witt, promoter of the
Erie Canal, 295.
Clinton, George, vice-president, 272.
Clinton, Sir Henry, British general,
178; evacuates Philadelphia,
199; 200, 204, 207, 210, 212,
213; succeeded by Sir Guy
Carleton, 314.
Cold Harbor, battle of, 444.
Coligny (Ko-leen'-ye), Gaspard, at-
tempts to establish a Huguenot
colony, 35.
Colleges, in the colonies, 141-143;
in the United States from 1789
to 1829, 304; everywhere, in the
north at the beginning of the
civil war, 383; in the United
States from 1830 to 1860, 389;
in the United States from 1860
to 1902, 511, 512.
Colonial Governors, 152, 153.
Colonial leaders, 155, 156.
Colonies, The, and result of the
French and Indian war, 119;
development of, 123; population
in, 123-125; cities in, 125, 126;
different nationalities in, 126-
129; class distinction in, 130;
dress in, 130, 131; home com-
forts, food in, 132, 133; habits,
laws and penalties, 133, 134; re-
ligion in, 134, 135; amusements,
135, 136; mode of travel, 136,
137; occupations.
137, 138;
money used in, 139; education
in, 139-141; colleges in, 141-143;
books,
and
newspapers
pam-
phlets in, 143-145; literature in,
145, 146; libraries, 147; slavery
and indented service in, 147-151;
government of, 151, 152; gov-
ernors of, and Lords of Trade,
152, 153; Parliament and, 153;
the postoffice in, 153, 154; politi-
cal parties in, 154, 155; the col-
onists and their leaders, 155,
156; conditions in at close of
French and Indian war, 158, 159.
Colorado, admitted to the union,
485.
Columbia, S. C., captured by Sher-
man, 450.
Columbia, Tenn., skirmish at, 439.
Columbia River discovered by Cap-
tain Gray, 265.
Columbus, Christopher, portrait,
frontispiece; caravels, 13; dis-
covery of continent, 14; par-
entage, 17; appeal to courts of
Europe, 17; aided by Queen Isa-
bella, 18; Bartholomew, brother
of, 17; first voyage, 18; effects
of discovery, 19; second voyage,
20 third voyage, 20; sent in
chains to Spain, 20; fourth voy-
age, 20; death, 20.
Commerce, American, 267. 268,
269, 270, 271, 273: greatly in-
creased by invention of the
steamboat, 296; commercial dis-
aster in the United States, 318,
319; aided by the telegraph, 332;
between California and Japan,
359; in 1860, 385; internal com-
merce during the civil war, 457:
expansion in, 481; Interstate
Commerce Act, 491; Interstate
Commerce Commission, 491, 492.
Communism in Jamestown colony,
67, 68.
Compromises, of the constitution,
228, 229; of 1820, 290; "com-
promise" tariff of 1833, 314,
315; of 1850, 350, 352; the
Crittenden, 381.
Concord, skirmish at, 171, 172.
Confederacy, The, Jefferson Davis,
president, and Alexander H.
Stephens, vice-president of, 380;
capital of, removal from Mont-
gomery, Ala., to Richmond, Va.,
404; condition of, in 1861, 408;
cut in twain, 427; again cut in
twain, 440; starving to death,
447; condition of, in 1865, 448,
449.
Confederate army, at close of the
year 1861, 408.
Confederate cruisers, 441, 442.
Confederate States, government of,
set up at Montgomery, Ala., 380;
seat of government moved to
Richmond, Va., 404; "slavery
the cornerstone" of the confed-
eracy, 407 condition of, at close
of year 1861, 408.
Confederation, Articles of, 220,
221, 222-224.
Congress, the stamp act, 161, 221;
first continental, 169, 170, 221;
second continental, 174, 221,
245; and the army, 217, 218;
the first national, 221, 250; asks
that a convention meet to revise
Articles of Confederation, 226;
term of a, 250; voted to raise
an army for war with France,
257, 258; passed nonimportation,
embargo, and nonintercourse
acts, 271, 272; war congress,
277; quarrel between President
Tyler and, 323; and "squatter
Sovereignty," 362: and
struction, 464, 465; limits Presi-
dent Johnson's power, 467.
Congressional Election of 1866,
The, 466.
Conkling, Senator Roscoe, quarrel
with Blaine, 486, 487.
Connecticut, settlement and early
history, 82-87; written consti-
tution of, 83; trouble with the
Indians, Pequot war, 83, 84;
King Philip's war, 85, 86: char-
ter of, 86; blue laws of, 133.
Constantinople, fall of, 15.
Constitution and Guerriere (gher-
ri-arr), 280; "Old Ironsides,"
280.
Constitution of the United States,
growth of, 221-244; compromises
of, 228, 229; before the people
for adoption, 229, 230; amend-
ments to, 230; text of, 230-244;
twelfth amendment to, 260; thir-
teenth amendment to, 462, 463;
fourteenth amendment to, 465,
466; fifteenth amendment to,
471.
Constitutional Convention, The,
221, 227; men who composed,
227, 228; submitted to congress
new constitution, 229.
Constitutional Union party, 378
Continental Congress, see Congress.
Continental currency, its collapse,
218, 219; picture of, 218.
Contract Labor Law, 489.
Contreras (kon-tra'-ras),
ment at. 342.
Convention, Annapolis Trade, 225,
226; constitutional, 227;
who composed the constitutional
convention, 227, 228; the Hart-
ford, 285; national nominating,
293, 308, 315; the Peace, 381.
Conway, Cabal, The, 198.
Cooper, Peter, leader of the Green-
back or Independent party, 516.
"Copperheads," term applied to
those who advocated peace at
the sacrifice of the Union, 399.
Corinth, capture of, 412.
Cornwallis, Lord, general
British army, 189; at the
Delaware, 190, 191; at Charles-
ton, 207; 208, 211, 212; fortifies
Yorktown, 212; surrenders at
Yorktown, 213.
Coronado (ko-ro-nä'-do), Francisco,
Vasquez, 29.
Cortereal (kor-tā-rā-äl'), Gaspar,
33.
Cortez. Hernando, conquers the
Aztecs, 26.
Cotton gin, and its relation to
slavery, 254; picture of, 254.
Council for New England, 74.
Cowpens, The, battle at, 211.
"Cradle of Liberty," or Faneuil
Hall, 129.
Crawford, William H., 277; presi-
dential candidate, 292.
Creek Indians, trouble with, in
Alabama, 281, 282.
Credit Mobilier and other scandals,
478, 479.
Crittenden, compromise, 381.
Crown Point, taken by the Eng-
lish, 115; captured by Seth
Warner, 174.
Cuba, 19, 28: filibustering expedi-
tion against, 353, 354; and the
Ostend Manifesto, 359, 360; and
the Virginius, 474; situation in
1898, 498, 499; free in 1902, 503,
504.
Cumberland National road, 266,
267; map of, 266; 303, 312.
Currency, Continental, 218, 219.
Curtis, Benjamin R., dissented
from majority decision of Su-
preme Court in the Dred Scott
case, 371.
Curtis, General Samuel, Union
general in Missouri and Arkan-
sas, 409.
Custer, General George A., massa-
cre of, 476, 477.
DAKOTA, North and South admit-
ted, 497.
Dale, Sir Thomas, governor of Vir-
ginia, 67.
Dallas, Ga., Federal forces de-
feated Confederates at, 438.
Dallas, George M., elected vice-
president, 333.
Dalton, Ga., Federal troops de-
feated Confederate at, 438.
Dartmouth College, 143.
Davis, Jefferson, in the Black Hawk
war. 316; 355; president of the
Confederate states, 380; issues
letters of marque and reprisal,
400; issues call for volunteers,
400; removes General Johnston
from command, 438; fled from
Richmond, 452; captured and re-
leased, 452.
Dearborn, General, in war of 1812,
282.
De Ayllon (dā-il-yon'), Vasquez, at
tempted to plant first Spanish
colony in United States, 27, 28;
100.
Decatur, Commodore, in Tripoli-
tan war, 268; in war of 1812,
280 in Algerine war, 287.
Declaration of Independence, 179-
185; 221.
Declaratory Act, 162.
Deerfield, Mass., Indian massacre
at, 108.
De Grasse (deh-gräs'). Count, com-
mander of French fleet at York-
town, 213.
De Kalb (de Kalb') Baron, 192,
208.
Delaware, settlement of, 97, 98;
slavery prohibited in the begin-
ning, 148; one of the "Border"
states loyal to the union, 400,
401.
Delaware, Lord, governor of Vir-
ginia, 67.
Demarcation, Line of. 22.
Democracy, Growth of, 158, 159.
Democratic party, 298, 317, 320,
331, 333, 347, 356; in election of
1856, 368; in election of 1860,
377, 378; in election of 1868,
470; in campaign of 1872. 475;
in campaign of 1876, 479; in
election of 1880, 485; in cam-
paign of 1884, 489; return of, to
power, 490; in election of 1888,
493; in election of 1892. 495;
in campaign of 1896, 498; in
election of 1900, 505; since the
civil war, 516-519.
Democratic-Republican party, 230,
251, 255; in election of 1800,
260; in election of 1808. 272;
and war of 1812, 278; in elec-
tion of 1816, 287; in election
of 1824, 292.
Demonetization of silver, 476.
De Monts (deh-mon'), and his
agricultural colony in Canada,
37.
Department of the Interior, 353.
De Soto (da sō'-tō), Hernando, 30-
31.
D'Estaing (des-tang') Count, com-
mander of French fleet at New-
port, with French forces at
Savannah, 205.
Dewey, Admiral, at Manila, 500.
Dias (de'-as), Bartholomeu, dis-
covers Cape of Good Hope, 16.
Dickinson, John, 156, "letters of a
Pennsylvania farmer," 164; in
constitutional convention, 228.
Dingley tariff bill, 498.
Discoveries and explorations, of the
Portuguese, 16, 32, 33 of Co-
lumbus, 18-20; of the Norsemen,
20, 21; of the Spanish, 23-32;
of the French, 33-40; of the
Dutch, 40; of the English, 40-
Discovery of New World, 13, 14;
causes leading to, 14, 15; effects
of, 19.
District of Louisiana, 262, 263.
Dix, John A., in Buchanan's cab-
inet, 381.
Dorchester Heights,
175: fortifi
cation of, 177, 178; map of, 178.
Dorr's rebellion, 324, 325.
Douglas, Stephen A., in the west,
355;
and the Kansas-Nebraska
bill, 361, 362; 364; condemned
action of Lecompton convention,
372; debates with Lincoln, 373,
374; presidential candidate,
378; for the maintenance of the
union, 378.
Drake, Sir Francis, circumnavi-
gates the globe, 42.
Dred Scott decision, 370, 371.
Dupont. Admiral, with fleet of
ironclads in Charleston Harbor,
431, 432.
Dutch, The, claim to stretch of
Atlantic seaboard, 23, 47; dis-
covery of Hudson, 40; summary
of explorations, 47; settlement
of New Amsterdam, 88. 89:
bought Manhattan Island, 89;
conquered by English, 89, 90:
Indian policy of, 90; picture of
Dutch house, 90; picture of
Dutchman and Dutch maiden,
91; in the colonies, 126, 127;
hated the established church of
England, 134; introduced slav-
ery, 147, 148.
EARLY, JUBAL A., raids of, in the
Shenandoah valley, defeated by
Sheridan, 445, 446.
Education, in New England, 139,
140 in the middle colonies, 140,
141: in the southern colonies,
141 in United States from 1789
to 1829, 304, 305: in United
States from 1830 to 1860, 389,
390; in the United States from
1860 to 1902, 510, 513.
Edwards, Jonathan, 145, president
of Princeton, 146.
El Caney (el kä'nā), battle of, 501.
Election, Presidential, of 1796,
255 of 1800, 259; of 1808, 272
of 1816, 287; of 1824, 292, 293
of 1828, 297, 298; of 1836, 317
of 1840, 320; in 1844, 332, 333
of 1848, 346, 347; of 1852, 356;
of 1856, 368; of 1860, 377-379;
of 1868, 470; of 1872, 475; of
1876, 479; of 1880, 485; of 1884,
489: of 1888, 493; of 1892,
495; of 1896, 498; of 1900,
505.
Electoral Commission, 479, 480.
Eliot, John, missionary among the
Indians, 85, 86; one of the ed-
itors of the New England Hymn
Book, 144.
Elizabeth, Queen of England, 41-
42.
Ellsworth, Colonel E. E., at Alex-
andria, 404.
Emancipation
north, 292.
Emancipation Proclamation, 423.
Embargo act, in 1794, 252; in
of slaves in the
1807, 271; repeal of, 271; effect
of repeal of, 273; of 1812, 277.
Emigrant aid society, 363.
Endicott, John, 77, 84.
England, Bartholomew Columbus
sent to, 17; ignored line of de-
marcation, 23; under Queen
Elizabeth, 41, 42: under the
Stuarts, 63; religious awaken-
ing of the 16th century in, 74;
and result of the French and
Indian war, 118. 119; manu-
factures in the colonies prohibi-
ted by, 138; and the slave trade,
147 colonial policy of, 157; con-
ditions in, at close of the "Seven
Years' War," 157, 158; princi-
ple of taxation as used by, 159;
offers all but independence. 199;
sent few troops in 1779, 204; ac-
knowledges independence of the
U. S.. 215: terms of treaty
with, signed at Paris, 216; Jay's
treaty with, 252; trouble with,
in Jefferson's administration,
268-271: war of 1812 with, 277-
285; attitude of, during the civil
war, 407; and the Trent affair,
407, 408; and the Confederate
cruisers, 441, 442; treaty
Washington with, 473; fishery
dispute with, 492.
English, discoverers and explorers,
40-46; map of English claims,
40: summary of explorations,
47; claim to territory of U. S.,
47: treatment of the Indians,
54; English settlements, 64-103;
map of English possessions
at beginning of intercolonial
wars, 104: English and French
colonial policies contrasted, 104,
105; English and French Indian
FAIR OAKS or Seven Pines, battle
of, 417.
Faneuil (fan'el) Hall, picture of,
129 134, 329.
Faneuil. Peter, gave to Boston
Faneuil Hall, 129.
Farragut, David G., captures New
Orleans, 413, 414; enters Mobile
Bay, 441.
Federal Hall (N. Y.), 221, 245,
246.
Federalist, The, 229, 230.
Federalist party, 230, 251, 255.
259, 260, 272; and the war of
1812, 278; downfall of, 285,
Ferdinand and Isabella, aid Colum-
bus, 18.
Ferguson, Patrick, at King's
Mountain, 208.
Field, Cyrus W., and the Atlan-
tic cable, 394.
Filibustering expeditions, against
Cuba. 353. 354. 359, 360;
against Mexico and Central Am-
erica, 360, 361.
Fillmore, Millard, and tariff act of
1842, 323; elected vice-president,
347 succeeds to the presidency,
348 sketch of life, 348, 349:
nominated for presidency of the
Know-Nothing party, 349, 368.
Finances of the Revolution, 217-
220; of the government in 1789,
248 of the civil war, 455, 456,
Fishery Question with England,
settled in 1888, 492.
Five Forks, battle at, 451.
Five Nations, The, of the Iroquois,
55.
Flag, the national-first used, 194;
history of, 194, 195.
Florida, discovery of, 24; Narvaez's
expedition to, 28; Huguenots
attempt to found a colony in, 35,
36: Spain gave Florida to Eng-
land, 118; divided into east and
west Florida, 121; purchase of,
289:
war with the Indians in,
316; admitted into the union,
331; secedes, 380; is readmitted.
468.
John B., confederate gen-
eral at Fort Donelson, 410.
Foote, Commodore Andrew H., at
Forts Henry and Donelson, 409,
410.
Force bills, 472.
Foreign affairs, during Washing-
ton's administration, 251, 252;
in Adams' administration, 256-
258; in Jefferson's administra-
tion, 267-272; in Madison's ad-
ministration, 273-275; foreign re-
lations during the civil war, 407;
during Grant's administration,
473, 474 during Cleveland's ad-
ministration, 492.
Fort Dearborn fell into the hands
of the British, 279.
Fort Donelson, union victory at,
409, 410; effect of victory at,
411.
Fort Duquesne (du-kān'), built,
111 map, 113; captured-name
changed to Fort Pitt, 115.
Fort Frontenac, captured by
English, 115.
Fort Henry, union victory at, 409,
410 effect of victory at, 411.
Fort Lee, abandoned, 188.
Fort Mackinaw fell into the hands
of the British, 279.
Fort McHenry, bombardment of,
284.
Fort Mimms, massacre at, 281.
Fort Moultrie (moo'trē), battle of
178, 179.
Fort Necessity, 111; account
Franklin's newspaper of battle
at, 112 map. 113.
Fort Niagara (ne-äg'a-ra), 115.
Fort Stanwix, besieged, 194; flag
raised for first time over, 194.
Fort Steadman, confederate attack
upon, repulsed, 451.
Fort Stephenson, 281.
Fort Sumter, 382; fall of and the
effect on north and south, 398-
400.
Fort Ticonderoga, 115.
Fort Washington, captured, 188.
Fort William Henry. 115.
Fortress Monroe. 382.
"Forty-niners." The. 344-346.
Fox and Sac Indians, 316.
Fox, George, founder of the Quak-
ers, 93.
France, refused Columbus' appeal,
17; ignored line of demarcation,
23; passed from power in Amer-
ica, 117, 118; openly espoused
the cause of the colonies, 196;
acknowledges the independence
of the United States, 199; made
loans to the colonies and Amer-
ica, 220; trouble with, in Wash-
ington's administration, 252;
trouble with, in Adams' admin-
istration, 256-258; Spain secret-
ly transferred Florida to. 262;
trouble with, in Jefferson's ad-
ministration, 268-271.
Franklin (Tenn.), battle at, 439.
Franklin, Benjamin, proposed plan
for colonial union, 112; invent-
ed a stove, 133; greatest name
in American literature of the
18th century, 145, 146; inven-
tions of, 146; colonial agent,
147; founded a free library,
147; as deputy postmaster gen-
eral, 153, 154; colonial leader,
155; on committee to draft the
Declaration of Independence,
181; diplomacy of, 199; peace
commissioner, 215; in the Con-
stitutional Convention, 228, 229.
Frazier's Farm, battle at, 419.
Fredericksburg, battle of, 422.
Freedmen, legislation against, in
south, 464.
Freedmen's Bureau, 465.
Free Silver Democrats, 518.
Free Silver Prohibition party, 518.
Free Silver Republican party, 498,
518.
Free-soil party, 344, 347, 356.
Fremont, John C., in California,
340 Republican nominee for the
presidency, 368; sent to capture
Stonewall Jackson in the Shen-
andoah Valley, 418; in command
of the army of western part of
Virginia, 420.
French, The, discoverers and ex-
plorers, 33-40; summary of ex-
plorations, 47: claim to terri-
tory of U. S., 47 ; map of
French claims, 104; French and
English colonial policies con-
trasted, 104, 105: French and
English Indian policies contrast-
ed, 105; in Queen Anne's war,
107, 108; chain of forts (map
of), 109, 110, 111 and Indian
war, 110-122; in the colonies,
128, 129: alliance, 196, 199 fleet
fails at Newport, 201; fleet at
Savannah, 205.
French, The, at Yorktown, 213.
French and Indian War, The, 110-
122.
Frenchtown, battle of, 281.
Frobisher (frob'-ish-er), Sir Martin,
search of a "northwest passage,"
|