gressive campaign which ended in complete success in the decisive engagements of Rich Mountain and Carricks Ford. So firmly were these forty counties bound to the union as a result of this timely campaign, that rebellion never again entered within their borders.

499. Missouri Saved to the Union.-Although Missouri in convention had declared against secession by a large majority, yet there were many within her borders who thought Missouri ought to espouse the cause of the south. Francis P. Blair, a prominent citizen of St. Louis, led the union party. He, with Captain Nathaniel Lyon, of the United States arsenal at St. Louis, had raised

four regiments as a home guard. Lyon was put in command of these troops, and determined to save Missouri to the union. He sailed up the Missouri River with a union force, captured Jefferson City, the capital, and put the governor and state officers to flight. In July

a loyal government was set up with a strong union governor at its head. Lyon's force, however, had become greatly reduced in numbers. On August 10, against great. odds, he gave battle to a formidable confederate force in the now celebrated battle of Wilson's Creek. After a gallant struggle, in which Lyon lost his life, the union force was obliged to withdraw northward. The state, however, had been saved for the union by Lyon's earlier victories.

500. Lincoln Calls for More Troops-May 3.-It had become apparent to both sides that the struggle at arms would be for a longer time than at first anticipated. Many of the young men of the south had been educated in military academies. The military spirit in that section ran higher than in

the north. They were accustomed to the use of firearms and to exploits in the open field. Some of the ablest generals in the regular army were southerners, among whom were Robert E. Lee, Joseph E. Johnston, and Albert Sidney Johnston. When their states seceded, they resigned their commissions and cast their fortunes with the south. On the other hand, the military spirit in the north was feeble, and if an army was to be of service at all, it was felt by both General Scott, the lieutenant-general of the army, and President Lincoln, that much time and patience would be required to drill, discipline, and properly equip the troops, before aggressive movements could be begun. Lincoln, therefore, on the 3d of May issued his second call for troops for three years, or during the war. He asked for 42,000 volunteers, 23,000 men for the regular army, and for 18,000 men for service on the sea.

501. Washington Threatened.-While these preparations were being pushed forward, the confederate armies were

approaching dangerously near to to the national capital. From the rear porch of the White House, President Lincoln could see the confederate flag displayed above the public. buildings in Alexandria, a few miles down the river.

It was

well known that the intention of the confederate government was to seize Arlington Heights, the estate of Robert E. Lee, across the river from Washington. This was an important point, and, if once secured, would enable the secessionists to throw shell across the river into the city. Baltimore, too, was still giving some trouble, and it was important that a federal force of sufficient size to overawe the mob element be thrown into that city. Lincoln, acting with dispatch, directed General Benjamin F. Butler to seize and fortify Federal Hill. This Butler did so suddenly and with such daring that Baltimore was safe in the hands of the union army ere the rebellious element in that city was aware. He next directed Colonel E. E. Ellsworth, in command of the famous New York Zouaves, to seize Alexandria. This was successfully accomplished.

While Ellsworth was taking Alexandria, the union force moved across the Potomac and took possession of the entire range of hills reaching from Arlington Heights to Alexandria. Thus, with Baltimore in the hands of Butler, and the Heights across the Potomac in the possession of the union forces, a feeling of relief came over the national government.

502. Battle of Bull Run-July 21.-Immediately following the secession of Virginia, the confederate seat of government was removed from Montgomery, Alabama, to Richmond, Virginia. The north began to grow impatient for some movement worthy of the federal forces and "On to Richmond!" had become the constant cry of both the army and the people. Following the union victories in West Virginia, the confederate forces under General Beauregard had been concentrated at Manassas Junction, a point on one of the Virginia railroads twenty-seven miles west of Alexandria. General Joseph E. Johnston, with another large confederate force, was within supporting distance of Beauregard.

In response to the demand for a forward movement, General Irvin McDowell broke tamp at Alexandria, Virginia, on the 16th of July, 1861, with the intention of crushing

Beauregard's army at Manassas. On the morning of the 21st of July the army came upon the confederate force strongly entrenched between Bull Run and Manassas. The two armies were about equal in strength. McDowell began the attack with such spirit that the confederate forces were being driven steadily from the field. After four hours of fighting, when the federal troops considered the battle as practically won, the unexpected arrival of General Johnston,

a gloom which was felt, not only in Washington, but throughout the length and breadth of the loyal states as well. The south was elated, and felt that foreign recognition would now surely come. The disappointment of the national government, though great, was not sufficient to make it lose sight of the fact that the defeat at Bull Run carried with it a lesson which the north must immediately learn,-namely, that the rebellion could not be suppressed in a day, nor could it ever be suppressed until the raw troops of the north had been drilled into well-disciplined and well-trained soldiers. Congress, the very day after the battle, voted to raise an army of 500,000 men, and made an appropriation of $500,000,000 for prosecuting the war to a successful issue. This meant war on a larger scale than the continent had ever before known, and gave notice to the south that the north was desperately in earnest. Within

a surprisingly short space of time, 150,000 troops were occupying the tented camps on Arlington Heights and other prominent points about the city of Washington.

504. McClellan Succeeds Scott.-In October, General Winfield Scott, now grown feeble with age, resigned, and President Lincoln appointed General George B. McClellan to the command of all the armies of the United States. McClellan stood in high favor with the soldiers and with the people. He was a graduate of West Point, and had been recognized by the war department at Washington as an ganizer of unusual ability. On the earnest solicitation of President Lincoln, he had accepted the command of the forces which quelled the rebellion in the counties of western Virginia. Fresh from these victories, he now came to the head of an army of 200,000 men. He threw himself with energy into the business of organizing and building up an army, and in a short time made the splendidly drilled and disciplined troops, comprising the army of the Potomac, the pride of the union.

505. Naval Operations. In carrying out the plan of making the blockade of the southern ports as effectual as possible, several important naval expeditions were undertaken. In October an expedition under command of Commodore Dupont and General Thomas W. Sherman entered the harbor of Port Royal, South Carolina, and reduced the two confederate forts at that point.

Other important points along the coast were taken, among them Hatteras Inlet, on the coast of North Carolina. Before the close of the year, the blockade of the southern ports from Virginia to Texas had been undertaken by the northern navy, and made as effective as possible considering the small navy which the government had at its command at the breaking out of the war. When the first shot was fired on Sumter, there were but forty-two vessels in commission constituting the United States navy. By the close of the year 1861, 264 armed vessels had been put into service, and by the close