pendence, congress voted him a township of land in Florida, a large sum of money, and built the frigate Brandywine, as a special ship to carry him on his homeward voyage to France.

374. Death of Adams and Jefferson July 4, 1826.-On the very day on which the republic was celebrating its fiftieth anniversary, July 4, 1826, John Adams and Thomas Jefferson died. These two great men had stood side by side during the perilous days of the Revolution. Jefferson had written the Declaration, and Adams by his eloquence had done more than all others to secure its adoption. In their political life they had become estranged during the administration of Washington, but in later years the earlier friendship had been renewed. Adams died at the age of ninety; Jefferson, at the age of eighty. Both were mourned by an entire nation. A eulogy, pronounced by Daniel Webster on the lives and services of these two men, ranks among the classic utterances of that great orator.

375. The Erie Canal-1825.-The Erie Canal, begun in 1817, was completed in 1825. It connected the Hudson

River, through the Mohawk valley, with Lake Erie at Buffalo. Its length was three hundred and sixty-three miles. It was built by New York state at the suggestion of Governor De Witt Clinton, who at first had hoped to see it built at government expense. Like the Cumberland road,

it contributed enormously to the development of the west, and to the growth and prosperity of New York city. That city now rapidly passed Philadelphia as a commercial center, and soon became the undisputed metropolis of America.

Adams's administration marked a revival of interest in the building of canals-due, no doubt, to the completion of the Erie Canal. These artificial waterways were usually built at the expense of the several states concerned, though congress made appropriations of money and granted several million acres of land to aid in such enterprises. Interest in canal construction ceased about the year 1840, when the era of the railroad began.

376. Steamboats. -No sooner had Fulton demonstrated his success with his Clermont than steamboat construction became a thriving business, the ferry boats at New York soon being propelled by steam. In 1819, the Savannah, the first ocean steamer, crossed the Atlantic. During Adams's administration steamboats came into general use, plying the waters of the Mississippi, the Ohio, the Great Lakes, and of nearly every navigable stream on the continent. In the year 1840 the business of transportation as carried on by steam navigation had become enormous. At that time as many as fortyfive hundred vessels passed Cairo, Illinois, in a single year. Many of these steamboats, however, were crude affairs. The government not yet having looked after the improvement of river channels, numerous accidents and disasters occurred, which led to a demand for better facilities for transportation, leading eventually to the perfected railroad.

377. Railroads.-The first railroad in the United States was but four miles long, and was built by Gridley Bryant, in 1825, from Quincy, Massachusetts, to the nearest tidewater. This was followed two years later by a road built from the mines of Mauch Chunk, Pennsylvania, to the Lehigh River. The question of transportation having laid deep hold upon the people, many railroads were projected during Adams's administration, which were afterwards successfully built,

Among these are the New York Central, Baltimore and Ohio, and the Boston and Albany. Before the close of Adams's

administration the locomotive, invented by George Stephenson, had come into use in America and thirty miles of railroad had been completed within the United States.

Thus it will be seen that Adams's administration was the beginning of a new era in the industrial development of the republic.

378. The Tariff of 1828, "The Tariff of Abominations. "-In 1828 the question of the tariff was again before congress. The president and his friends favoring a higher tariff, a bill was passed by congress increasing the duties on fabrics made of wool, cotton, linen, and silk, as well as on articles manufactured from lead and iron. The chief object of this bill was to raise the price of foreign goods and encourage more than ever the manufacturing industries of the United States. This bill became a "sectional issue" in congress,-the southern states, under the leadership of John C. Calhoun, bitterly opposing it, the middle and New England states favoring it. It was called by its opponents "The Tariff of Abominations."

379. The Presidential Election of 1828.-The presidential election of 1828 was an exciting one. Adams, supported by Clay, was the candidate of the National-Republican party, which advocated government aid to internal improvements and protection to home industries, welcomed the new era of industrial development, and clung to the old Federalist

theory of "loose construction." The Democratic-Republican party now dropped its hyphenated name, and became the Democratic party. It adhered to the principles of Jefferson, and nominated Andrew Jackson to succeed Adams.

The contest was a personal rather than a political one. Adams was unpopular, while the name of Jackson, on account of his brilliant military exploits at New Orleans, Horseshoe Bend, and Pensacola, was greeted with enthusiasm wherever mentioned. In the resulting election, Jackson received one hundred seventy-eight of the electoral votes, and Adams, eighty-three. John C. Calhoun was again elected vice-president.

CHAPTER X

GROWTH OF THE REPUBLIC

1789-1829

380. Development of Territory. - When Washington became the first president of the republic, the territorial extent of the United States was less than one-third of its present size. Forty years later, when John Quincy Adams became president, its territory had been pushed southward to the Gulf of Mexico by the purchase of the Floridas, and westward to the crest of the Rocky Mountains by the purchase of Louisiana. Flatboatmen could now float the products of the western farms down any of the streams between the Alleghanies and the Rocky Mountains to New Orleans without paying foreign toll. New Orleans was now a city. of the United States, and produce could be loaded on ocean vessels there without hindrance. A captain could sail along the coast from New Orleans to Maine, stopping at any point he chose, and always be under the protection of the United States flag. In the four decades since Washington the nation had also grown in numbers, in ideas, and in comforts.

POPULATION

381. Numbers.-Since the inauguration of Washington a census had been taken every ten years beginning with 1790, for the purpose of having one representative in congress for a certain designated number of people. In this way each citizen had a share in the government of the nation through the congressman elected from his congressional district. By comparing the total number of people at each census we may measure the growth of population. Thus, for every person in the United States, when the first census was taken, in 1790, there were three persons in 1830. In forty years the