personal enmity is woven into it. There was little of it in New England, but in New York, New Jersey, and South Carolina, it was carried on with a bitterness which threatened at times to exterminate whole communities. From the beginning of the war there had been much of it in South Carolina, for there had always been a feeling of animosity existing between the aristocratic planter of the low country and the small farmer of the hill country. There were hotbeds of Toryism in the low country, but patriotism was correspondingly strong among the hills-whence came leaders like Francis Marion, Thomas Sumter, Andrew Pickens, and Henry Lee, of infinite energy and with a zeal in the cause born of personal wrongs endured. Around each of them was gathered a band of kindred spirits, who knew no fear, and who courted danger. When the American army was in their vicinity, they attached themselves to it as scouts and spies, for they knew every secret road and by-path. When the army was driven out, they stayed, and from their fastnesses in the swamps or in the mountains fell upon small parties of the British, or visited dire punishment on Tories who had been active in giving assistance to the British. These partisan bands greatly aided General. Greene in his reclaiming of the south from the British.

254. Benedict Arnold. Hardly had the rattle of musketry ceased on the now classic field of Lexington, before Benedict Arnold was in the saddle and at the head of a company of students was off for Boston. He did valiant service at Ticonderoga, and at the storming of Quebec. At the first battle of Saratoga, where he was severely wounded, his bravery excelled that of all others. He had suffered untold hardships in the defence of his country. No single general in all the service excelled his brilliant record. Had he died of his wounds, the name of Arnold would have been bright on the page of history.

255. Arnold at Philadelphia.-Arnold was appointed by Washington to the command of the military district of

Philadelphia, where he was thrown much into the society of the Tory element, and yielded to unpatriotic influences. He became extravagant, and in order to discharge his private debts, committed indiscretions in the use of the public property under his control. He was tried before a military court on the charge of dishonesty, but there being little proof to sustain the charge, it was required only that he receive a reprimand from the commander-in-chief. This Washington gave in a most considerate manner.

Arnold, feeling that his services to his country had not been appreciated, and deeply offended by the sentence of the court, resolved on revenge.

256. West Point and Treason. At his own request Arnold was transferred to West Point and immediately opened negotiations with General Clinton at New York, for the purpose of betraying into the hands of the British this, the strongest military fortification under American control. As a personal interview was necessary, Clinton sent Major André, a young man of most excellent character and high standing in the British army, to represent him. At this meeting Arnold delivered to André the plans of the fortifications. Secreting these plans in his boot André set out on his return. He had passed through the most hostile part of the country, and would soon have been within the British lines, when, unluckily for him, he was noticed by several patriots, who insisted on a search of his person, and finding the papers, pronounced him a spy. André offered them a large reward if they would allow him to pass, but they laughed at his offer and immediately gave him up to an American officer. Arnold, learning of the arrest, escaped down the river to the British sloop Vulture.

257. The Fate of Andre.-Major André was tried by a military tribunal of twelve of the most experienced generals in the American army. General Greene was made chairman and Lafayette also served on this board. André was

sentenced to meet the death of

a

spy.

On account of

André's prominence in army and social life, the British put forth every effort possible to have the sentence commuted, but to no avail. Unlike the treatment accorded Captain Nathan Hale, he was allowed every privilege consistent with army discipline, but the sentence was carried out in due time.

258. Arnold's Subsequent Career. "Let me die in this old uniform-the uniform in which I fought my battles. May God forgive me for ever putting on any other." This was a sentiment uttered by Benedict Arnold on his death-bed in London twenty-one years later. The British had paid the price of his treason,-nearly thirty thousand dollars and the rank of brigadier-general in the British army. He received, as he merited, the execrations of all men of honor, and though he is said to have met it with a certain degree of bravado for a time, he gradually withdrew from the society of men, became morose and cynical, and died a friendless and despised outcast.

EVENTS OF 1781

259. Morgan Defeats Tarleton at the Cowpens-January 17. -Upon arriving in the south General Greene was confronted by the complete demoralization of an army due to the Camden disaster and the flight of Gates. Greene sent General Daniel Morgan into the hill country for recruits, who while thus engaged was attacked by Tarleton with a superior force at the Cowpens. Morgan by superior tactics completely routed Tarleton, who took to flight after suffering the almost complete destruction of his army.

260. Greene Recovers the Carolinas and Georgia.—There now began one of the most famous campaigns of the war, each army being led by generals of consummate tact and skill. Cornwallis pushed rapidly forward to strike Morgan before he could rejoin Greene, but Morgan was too quick for Cornwallis and escaped to the north of the Yadkin. Here he was joined by Greene, who now assumed command, and

a retreat was begun. Reaching the fords of the Dan before his pursuer, Greene crossed into Virginia. Cornwallis now gave up the chase and turned back with the idea of drawing Greene after him. Having attained his object of drawing the British army away from its base of supplies into a hostile country, General Greene recrossed the Dan and at Guilford Courthouse the two armies met in battle on March 15. It resulted in a drawn battle, the six hundred which Cornwallis lost the first day weakening him to the extent that he could not renew the fight. Cornwallis then marched directly to Wilmington. After ascertaining that the British general really intended to give up the contest, Greene turned south. During the summer, with the aid of the partisan bands, he drove the British into Charleston and Savannah, winning many small engagements and the more considerable one at Eutaw Springs. Thus Greene had reclaimed the south, practically clearing the Carolinas and Georgia of the British army in less than a year.

261. Lafayette, "The Boy," Outgenerals Cornwallis and Saves Virginia.-Cornwallis entered Virginia in May and began the same tactics with Lafayette which had failed so signally with Greene. But "the boy," as the British commander was pleased to call Lafayette, handled his little army with such skill that he completely baffled his pursuer. General Clinton, now thoroughly alarmed at the turn affairs had taken in the south, sent orders to Cornwallis to fortify some point on the Virginia coast from which he could coöperate with the British fleet. Cornwallis accordingly selected Yorktown and began erecting defences at that point. Lafayette notified Washington of Cornwallis's position, and threw his own troops across the neck of the peninsula in front of Yorktown.

With Virginia saved by Lafayette and the Carolinas and Georgia reclaimed by Greene, the British had signally failed in their subjugation of the southern colonies.

262. Battle of Yorktown-October 19.-Washington in

the meantime had been keeping Clinton shut up in New York, and was ready for whatever opportunity might offer to strike the British a blow. On learning that Cornwallis was at Yorktown, Washington conceived the daring idea of capturing the entire British army at that point. Of this he felt sanguine, for he had just received word that a large French fleet had set sail from the West Indies and that its destination was the mouth of Chesapeake Bay, where it was sure to encounter the British fleet before Yorktown. Selecting two thousand of his choicest colonial troops, and accompanied by Rochambeau with his four thousand French troops, Washington began the march overland to Yorktown. By making feints toward the enemy while marching through New Jersey, he so concealed his intentions from Clinton that Philadelphia was reached before his destination was suspected by the British commander-in-chief. Shortly

YORKTOWN AND VICINITY

after leaving Philadelphia Washington had received news that the French fleet under De Grasse had already met the English fleet before Yorktown where it had coöperated with Lafayette so that the British were entrapped on both the land and water side.

Washington now

The fate of Cornwallis was sealed. hastened to Yorktown and began the siege. Cornwallis made several attempts to break through the lines, but failing, he at last surrendered his entire force. On the 19th of October, to the music of "The World Upside Down," the British marched out between the French and American lines.

263. Yorktown, and its Effect in America.-The news of the capture of Cornwallis at Yorktown passed through the colonies like an electric shock. There was great rejoicing, for all felt that it was the end of the struggle. In Philadel