Yale College was founded in 1701, at New Haven, Conn., by the action of ten Congregational ministers, who in that year gave books from their own libraries for the founding of a college in Connecticut. It received its name from Elihu Yale, who became an early friend of the college, giving it many valuable gifts of books and money. Nathan Hale

was one of its graduates.

The College of New Jersey, now known as Princeton University, was founded in 1746, by the Presbyterians. One of its early presidents was John Witherspoon, a signer of the Declaration of Independence. James Madison and Aaron Burr were among its graduates.

King's College, later Columbia College, and still later the Columbia University, was founded in 1755, in New York City. Among its students was Alexander Hamilton.

The University of Pennsylvania was first established as a charitable school in 1745. Four years later it became an academy and received a charter as a college in 1755-the date from which it counts its beginning. It was created a university in 1779. Benjamin Franklin was its founder.

Brown University, first known as Rhode Island College, was founded at Warren, and removed to Providence, R. I., in 1770. It was established by the Baptists.

Rutgers' College, the old Queen's College of colonial days, was founded by the Dutch Reformed Church in 1770, at Brunswick, N. J.

Dartmouth College was chartered in 1769 at Hanover, N. H. It numbers among its graduates America's greatest orator, Daniel Webster.

Nearly all the colleges were closed during the Revolutionary war, but were reopened immediately after the signing of the treaty at the close of the war in 1783.

BOOKS AND LITERATURE

175. Books, Newspapers, and Pamphlets.-The first printing press in the colonies was set up at Cambridge, Mass..

in 1639. The first book printed was a poetical translation of the Psalms, which became known as the New England One of the editors of this book was the great

Hymn Book.
Indian missionary, John Eliot.
day were mostly collections of
authors.

The colonial books of that sermons, or reprints of old

At the breaking out of the Revolution there were but thirty-seven newspapers in the colonies. Of these, Massachusetts had seven, New York three, and Pennsylvania eight. The newspapers of that day were not much larger than a magazine page of the present day, and contained but four pages. Paper was very scarce, and it was necessary

BOSTON: PRINTED BY JOHN GILL, IN COURT STREET.

THE ENTIRE PROSPERITY OF EVERY STATE RESTS UPON THE DISCIPLINE OF IT'S ARMY.

THE KING OF PRUSSIA.

for the editor to condense his news into the smallest possible space. The editor issued his papers weekly, monthly, or at "odd times." The "Boston News Letter," published at Boston in 1704, was the first newspaper published in the colonies. The first daily newspaper in America, the "American Daily Advertiser," was not issued until after the Revolution, in 1784. The freedom of the press was denied by the colonial governors. The editor of the "Weekly

Journal" of New York was arrested in 1732 for having criticised the governor and the New York legislature for laying illegal taxes on the colony. The editor, at his own request, was given the right of trial by jury. He secured able counsel, and although not permitted to prove the truth

of his charges, his lawyer made such an eloquent plea to the jury that that body, setting all law aside, acquitted the editor amid the cheers of the populace,-thus was the freedom of the press secured to the colonies long before newspapers in England enjoyed the privilege.

However, while this was not the age of newspapers, it was the age of the "pamphleteer"-a name given to one who writes pamphlets. Hundreds of pamphlets were published and circulated throughout the colonies on a variety of topics. They proved a great source of education to the reading public, as they were usually written by the ablest men in the colonies. These pamphlet writers did a great work in preparing the public mind for the coming struggle with Great Britain.

176. Literature.-But little attention was paid to literature at this period of colonial history. Increase Mather and his son, Cotton Mather, are said to have been the founders of American literature. Increase Mather was one of the early presidents of Harvard College. His list of published. works numbers one hundred and thirty-six volumes, the one on "Remarkable Providences," published in 1634, being his chief work. Cotton Mather wrote (1702) a religious history of New England, which he called "Magnalia." Even at this day it is read with interest by many. It contains a vast amount of information concerning the early history of New England, largely set forth in biographies of leading divines and civil officers.

The two greatest names in American literature prior to the Revolution were those of Jonathan Edwards and Benjamin Franklin. These two men were the only two men in America recognized in Europe on account of their superior scholarship. Edwards's greatest work was his essay on the "Freedom of the Will." He was a profound thinker and left his mark upon the religious literature of America for a hundred years. The poet Oliver Wendell Holmes was a student of the life and times of Jonathan Edwards. It was

Jonathan Edwards whom Holmes had in mind when he wrote his wonderful satire, The "Deacon's Masterpiece,' now more popularly known as the "Wonderful One Hoss Shay."

177. Benjamin Franklin.-However, Benjamin Franklin's name is the greatest name of American literature in the eighteenth century. In 1732 he began the publication of "Poor Richard's Almanac" at Philadelphia, which he continued to issue annually for the next twenty-five years. Poor Richard's sayings laid hold upon the people and became part of their daily conversation. It was he who gave us the maxims, "Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise"; "Honesty is the best policy"; "A stitch in time saves nine"; "God helps them that help themselves"; and hundreds of other short, pithy sayings which go to make up the common-sense views of our every-day life. Franklin also wrote essays on religious, moral, political, and economical subjects. His "Autobiography" takes rank to-day as one of the classics in our literature. His style is smooth and beautiful, clear and logical. Edwards was a college graduate-at the time of his death he was president of Princeton University. Franklin was a self-educated man. He came from the lower class of New England, but by his energy, perseverance, and native ability became the leading man of the American colonies, and prior to the Revolution was recognized in the Old World as the first man in America. Even after the Revolution his name was always coupled with that of Washington in the mind of the European. He amassed a fortune. He was interested in science and invention. With the aid of a kite in 1752 he discovered the identity of electricity and lightning. He invented the lightning rod and the Franklin stove. He published the best newspaper in the colonies, the Pennsylvania Gazette, at Philadelphia, where he took delight in republishing old classics with his own imprint on the title page. He was proud to be known as "Benjamin Franklin, printer. He

established a library and a hospital in Philadelphia, and founded the University of Pennsylvania in 1755. He was the first to propose a union of the American colonies at the Albany Convention, in 1754. As agent for Massachusetts and Pennsylvania, he ably defended the colonies before parliament during the exciting times preceding the outbreak of the Revolution. He perfected the postoffice system in America. During the Revolution he represented the colonies at the court of France. In the field of diplomacy he has never been surpassed. In many respects Benjamin Franklin was one of the most remarkable men America has yet produced.

178. Libraries. Franklin founded a free library at Philadelphia in 1731. Near the same time a public library was founded at Newport, Rhode Island, and in 1754 the city of New York established a public library for the accommodation of the reading public. Charleston had a public library in 1700-perhaps the oldest in America. At the middle of the eighteenth century the colonies were very prosperous and the founding of libraries and hospitals and charitable institutions was a natural outgrowth of this prosperity.

SLAVERY AND INDENTED SERVICE

179. Slavery in the Colonies.-By the treaty of Utrecht at the close of Queen Anne's War (1713) Great Britain was given a complete monopoly of the slave trade between Africa and the Spanish West Indies. This trade proved a source of great wealth to Great Britain, and immensely increased the traffic in African slaves in Europe and America. Many of the colonies desired to prohibit the importation of slaves, but this Great Britain would not permit, forcing slavery upon them. Slavery, as we have seen, was first introduced into Virginia, in 1619, by a Dutch man-of-war. The Dutch soon after introduced the system into their own colony of New York. They also carried their slaves with them into New