came on account of the religious and commercial wars which were devastating the small states of Germany and ruining the German people. William Penn, anxious to secure this desirable class of colonists for Pennsylvania, made three visits to the German states for the purpose of encouraging the dissatisfied Germans to settle in his colony. As an immigration agent, Penn was very successful. It was estimated by Franklin in 1766 that the Germans constituted

one-third of the entire population of Pennsylvania. Germantown, a suburb of Philadelphia, was planted by the Germans. It is said that as many as twelve thousand Germans arrived in a single year. These people settled west and northwest of Philadelphia. Their descendants are still known as the "Pennsylvania Dutch." The Germans also settled in large numbers in the vicinity of Newburg, N. Y.; in Maryland;

in Virginia; in the Carolinas; and in Georgia. Like the Dutch, they were sober and industrious and indifferent to politics. They were true home builders and firm lovers of liberty. They were German Protestants, and in America desired nothing so much as to be left alone. They had an important influence on the development of manufactures in the colonies.

THE FRENCH.-The persecutions of the Huguenots (French Protestants) by the Catholics in France drove many of the Huguenots to seek homes in the English colonies. Many

of them settled in Virginia, in the Carolinas, in Massachusetts, and in New York. The Huguenots were farmers, merchants, and artisans. The artisan class of Huguenots greatly encouraged the development of manufactures in Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Charleston, and other cities. Paul Revere, of Revolutionary fame, and John Jay, first chiefjustice of the United States, were descendants of these early Huguenot refugees, as was also Peter Faneuil, who gave to Boston, Faneuil Hall,-the "cradle of liberty."

THE SCOTCH-IRISH, the name given in America to the immigrants from North

Ireland, came in large numbers to America in the early part of the eighteenth century, settling in New Hampshire, and in other localities. in New England and in New Jersey. However, the chief Scotch - Irish settlements were made in western and southwestern Pennsylvania, from which locality they pushed southward into the valley of the Shenandoah in Virginia, and into the hill country of the Carolinas. The Scotch-Irish were in the main Presbyterians, and were an intensely independent and liberty-loving people.

FANEUIL HALL

THE AMERICAN NATION.-The English, of course, made up the vast majority of the population in the thirteen original colonies, and were gradually changing these foreign communities into English-speaking peoples. When George III. came into power (1760) a new nation was already forming out of these various race elements which within the next quarter of a century was to take its place among the nations of the world-to be known henceforth as the American nation.

80CIAL LIFE

162. Class Distinction.-There was an aristocratic feeling of a certain kind in nearly all the colonies, but this feeling was strongest in the southern colonies. In New York the old Dutch families and the rich English traders made up the aristocratic class; in Pennsylvania the Quakers held aloof from the Germans and the Scotch-Irish; the Puritan customs of New England made all classes nearly on a level, although even the so-called "upper class" was found there. The most distinct difference, however, was recognized in the south between the rich planters and the poorer class of small landholders.

This distinction of class was recognized in the churches, where the congregation was seated according to rank, and

also in the colleges, where students were enrolled according to the rank of the parents. Washington belonged to the aristocratic class. He had his coat of arms engraved on his coach and harness-a custom which prevailed among the "gentlemen" of Virginia and in other of the southern WASHINGTON'S COAT colonies, and was not unknown in Boston, New York, and Philadelphia.

OF ARMS

This class distinction has decreased with the years. It was stronger in colonial times than it is at the present day. Then the terms Mr., Mrs., and Miss were applied to ministers, their wives and daughters, and to persons of rank. The "common people" were addressed as "goodman" and "goodwife." Whatever of social prejudice existed had been brought over from the old world. Each community from the beginning boasted of its "leading families"; this was particularly true in the south.

163. Dress. Class distinction was recognized even in the dress of the colonists. This custom, too, had been brought over from Europe, and prevailed throughout the colonies.

As the period of the Revolution approached, Puritan customs had given way somewhat to the manners and customs of the Cavalier. The colonial gentleman of the period had his morning and his evening costume, and when he walked on the streets with his gold-headed cane, he enveloped himself in a handsome cloak, which glittered with gold lace. The silver snuffbox was always a sure sign of his social positionsnuff being generally used by the aristocratic class in those days. Homespun goods made the ordinary clothing of the middle and poorer

classes. Maidservants
wore short gowns of
coarse material, and
received but a miser-
able pittance for their
yearly wages. The
working class, the day-
laborers, farmers, and
mechanics, were also
attired in clothing of
the coarsest material,
with leather breeches
and heavy.cowhide

COSTUME OF CAVALIER

boots or shoes - all
home-made. Calfskin

shoes were used by

COSTUME OF PURITAN

the higher classes. This was the period when brass buckles and buttons were used to excess. On Sunday even the coarsest shoes were adorned with brass buckles, and the clothing of the aristocracy as well as the homespun attire of the other classes, was profusely decorated with brass or silver buttons.

This was also the day of wigs and outlandish headgear, as is shown in so many of the pictures of the time. The Puritan was no more a "roundhead"-a term by which he had been known in the days of Cromwell. The New Eng

land Puritan, like the Cavalier of Virginia, now wore the most elaborate head dress. Indeed, it is said that in 1750 nearly everybody wore wigs-men, women, and children of all classes--except slaves and convicts; even paupers wore them.

164. Home Comforts: Food. The wealthier class, both in the cities and in the country, lived in fine old colonial mansions, while the log cabins of the early colonial days still dotted the hills and valleys of the farming districts at the

time of the Revolution. In the south the slaves lived apart from their masters, often in the meanest of huts or shanties.

The kitchen with its wide fireplace was an important room in the dwellings of all classes. The term "New England kitchen" even to-day calls up pictures of plenty of room, abundance of provisions, and delightful home comforts.

The furniture in the homes was ordinarily of the simplest sort. However, the homes of the wealthier class in the