termination, and resolve. STRATCOM provides credibility through its cohesive package of both new and legacy missions, even as we explore new deterrent concepts to serve the Nation in a very different future.

STRATCOM is ready to meet the challenges of the future. We are mindful of the magnitude of the task before us, and confident in the talent of our staff, our components, and our mission partners. In the words of Abraham Lincoln, "The dogmas of the quiet past are inadequate to the stormy present. The occasion is piled high with difficulty, and we must rise with the occasion. As our case is new, so we must think anew, and act anew."

I appreciate your continued support and look forward to reporting our progress to you in the future as we continue to build the new STRATCOM.

Senator BILL NELSON [presiding]. Thank you, Admiral.
General Lord.

STATEMENT OF GEN. LANCE W. LORD, USAF, COMMANDER,
AIR FORCE SPACE COMMAND

General LORD. Thank you, Senator Nelson and distinguished members of the subcommittee. It is my honor today to appear with Under Secretary Teets, as well as Admiral Ellis and Admiral Cebrowski, to represent the 39,000 hard-working men and women of AFSPC. On their behalf, I want to thank you for your continued support of our people and our programs.

Along with our Army and Navy colleagues, as Admiral Ellis pointed out, we really put the force behind the Under Secretary and Admiral Ellis' priorities. In AFSPC we conduct space and missile operations 24-7-365, around the clock every day of the year, under the direction of our two Numbered Air Forces. Our operations are sustained and supported by both our acquisition arm under the command of Lieutenant General Brian Arnold, the Space and Missile System Center in Los Angeles, and our innovators in the Space Warfare Center.

We operate because our space capabilities provide what we think is a very real transformational effect. It was seen in Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) as well as OIF that space capabilities were a helping hand to all joint and coalition forces. We certainly demonstrated that in recent combat operations. That helping hand we see is backed up by the clenched fist of our ready and alert missile forces that are on alert every day to continue to deter.

As we meet today to discuss and talk about the future, it is important to remember the truly indispensable power provided, as Admiral Ellis said, by these capabilities. We think our advantages in space are certainly apparent to us and are certainly apparent to our potential adversaries, and we must take all appropriate steps to protect our capabilities.

With your continued support, we will increase our focus on space force protection, to include space control and space superiority and its critical enabler, space situation awareness.

Thank you for the opportunity to be here today and I look forward to your questions.

[The prepared statement of General Lord follows:]

PREPARED STATEMENT BY GEN. LANCE W. LORD, USAF

INTRODUCTION

It is my distinct honor to appear before the committee today on behalf the 39,000 men and women of the world's finest space and missile team-Air Force Space Command (AFSPC). I am honored to appear with Under Secretary of the Air Force Peter

Teets, the Department of Defense (DOD) Executive Agent for Space, Admiral Jim Ellis, the Commander of United States Strategic Command (STRATCOM), and retired Vice Admiral Arthur Cebrowski, Director of DOD Force Transformation. These leaders are a major reason why our space and missile capabilities continue to play an ever-increasing transformational role in joint and coalition operations. They continue to push advancement of our sentinels on the high ground and our ready, safe, and reliable missiles below ground to increase the range, speed, and precision of all our forces in conflict and, moreover, to deter a conflict before it begins.

TRANSFORMATION

There is no better example of this transformation than we recently displayed in Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) and Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF). Simultaneously, our forces limited collateral damage, delivered humanitarian aid and saved the lives of combatants and civilians alike while conducting highly successful combat operations. General Franks, former Commander of U.S. Central Command (CENTCOM) told Congress, “The pieces of this operation which have been successful would not have been so without space-based assets. it's just very simply a fact." Spacepower continues to improve our battlefield speed, precision, lethality, reach and flexibility. As President Bush said on May 1, 2003, aboard the U.S.S. Abraham Lincoln, "Operation Iraqi Freedom was carried out with a combination of precision and speed and boldness the enemy did not expect, and the world had not seen before. From distant bases or ships at sea, we sent planes and missiles that could destroy an enemy division, or strike a single bunker." In a matter of minutes, not weeks, hours, or days as in past wars, commanders identified and engaged targets and received timely battle damage assessment. Our coalition, and our adversary, got the message: spacepower is now in the fight like never before.

The organizational and structural changes implemented after the Space Commission puts AFSPC on an even better footing for the future. The synergy between the acquisition arm of the command-the Space and Missile Systems Center, the innovators at the Space Warfare Center, the Space Numbered Air Force the 14th Air Force, our missileers in the 20th Air Force, and our headquarters team is beginning to be realized. Our people are always in the fight either through our "deployed in place mission" from our sites around the world (some of our men and women spent 180 plus days in the missile field last year, for example) or the 1,200 people deployed to the theater last year (over 436 members still deployed). Our airmen, from the most junior enlisted to the senior officers, understand they are all part of the team that doesn't just support the warfighter-they provide combat effects 24/7/365.

AFSPC VISION

As Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom continue to wind down, I'd like to share a snapshot of our Command Way Ahead. Our command vision is to be a full spectrum space combat command preeminent in the application of space power for national security and joint warfare.

We've been creating combat effects since well before we stood up as a command— I pulled my first Combat Crew Missile Alert in 1969. Our new vision is to provide full spectrum effects, from strategic (which has always been our strength) to tactical effects using nonkinetic through kinetic weapons in full combat synergy with all coalition forces.

Our framework to achieve that vision is what we call "Commanding the Future." This framework enables a complete understanding of our progress in all aspects by ensuring: we have the right enterprise and are focused both operationally and strategically; we have the right partners; we are unleashing human talent to develop space professionals with education and certification programs; we are developing new wizards who understand all the aspects of the space medium and system and creative ways of employment; we are warfighter centric and have the proper concepts of operation (ĈOÑOPs); and that we can properly transition advanced technology to warfighting and increase combat effects. Through these "thrusts," we ensure we cover all management areas as we execute our command priorities for 2004.

AFSPC PRIORITIES

Our first priority is developing our people to lead us into the future, and educating them through Space Professional Development-this is significant, as we have formulated a plan that ensures the success of our operators, developers, and maintainers as one warfighting space cadre. When the Secretary of the Air Force approved the Space Professional Development strategy, he took the additional step of naming me, in my position as the AFSPC Commander, the Space Professional Func

tional Authority-the only Functional Authority residing outside of the Pentagon. We developed, tested and conducted space professional education prototypes in 2003, and this year we'll bring both the initial Space 100 and the advanced Space 200 courses on-line for Space Cadre members at the 8-10 year point in their careers. Finally, I approved identifying Space Cadre members and associated Space Cadre positions using Space Experience Codes (SPECs). These SPECS will become the common terminology linking the experiences that identify the individual and the position, helping us to inventory capabilities and requirements for all Space Professional Cadre members.

With the proper focus on people, we must improve our capabilities and deliver on near term commitments. Improving missile warning systems remains one of our top priorities. We need to upgrade our missile warning that served us well throughout the Cold War, to be more responsive and more capable to our forces in the field. We stretched the Defense Support Program (DSP) system hard for tactical missile warning, but our forces deserve increased capability to precisely determine launch and impact point for both warning and engagement of incoming enemy missiles. With just one DSP left to launch, we can't wait for a degraded constellation. Degraded strategic and tactical missile warning would present significant national security challenges-it would severely handicap national missile defense and strategic response through tactical warning to warriors in the field. We will continue to push Space Based Infrared capabilities in the near term.

We will also maintain our assured access to space with multiple new launch vehicles and developing operationally responsive spacelift and spacecraft. Our Operationally Responsive Spacelift (ORS) initiative is progressing well. The Mission Needs Statement (MNS) was validated by the Joint Requirements Oversight Council (JROC) in April 2002 and we're in the midst of an ÒRS analysis of alternatives (AOA) that should be completed mid-2004. The fiscal year 2005 presidential budget also includes funding for an Air Force/Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) demonstration called Force Application and Launch from the continental United States (CONUS) (FALCON). However, we are stressing our newest, state of the art rockets known as Atlas V and Delta IV. These two contractor teams, plus our new group of launch professionals-acquirers and space operators now on one team-are all focused on mission success in each and every operation leading to launch. Our focus is delivering on the promises of the Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle (EELV) fleet and getting toward more responsive launch without sacrificing mission success.

A continuing priority is space superiority and understanding all avenues that adversaries could take to counter our capabilities. Space superiority is just as important as gaining and maintaining air superiority in times of conflict. It is our fundamental duty to ensure our advantages in space don't become vulnerabilities. Each time the higher ground was sought throughout history, adversaries developed capabilities to remove the advantage. We are very concerned about space force protection to ensure all our space forces are survivable, and we are exploring rapid reconstitution capabilities. However, fundamental to space superiority is the capability to detect, categorize and counter attacks on spacecraft, ground stations and the links between them. Every new contract we let must take into account all appropriate space situation awareness and protection measures.

In 2004, we'll continue modernizing our ICBMs while exploring other alternatives for future force application. Our space capabilities were the helping hand of our coalition force operations because they were backed up by the clenched fist of our missile force always alert and providing "top cover" by deterring any adversary from using weapons of mass destruction (WMD) against our Nation or our forces around the world. In 2003, we strengthened that fist even more with over 200 new guidance sets and 80 missiles with new propellant. We'll continue to increase those numbers this year and conduct an AOA on the next generation Land Based Strategic Deterrent.

Over the next year, we will also plan for future advancements in force enhancement through GPS modernization, Space-Based Radar (SBR) development, and advanced satellite communications. GPS has proven its worth. It is the world's largest free public utility with numerous applications that improve our daily lives. The military value of this system is unquestionably the driving force behind our transformation. We look forward to launching the next generation of GPS to keep our forces on the leading edge. SBR will provide surveillance and target tracking around the clock and in all weather. The situational awareness provided by the SBR constellation promises to be just as revolutionary as GPS has been. We must continue to ensure SBR is responsive to our forces in the field and the power of this system is not only used for intelligence preparation of the battlespace, but provides the much needed capability to ID and track targets in theater, real time. Trans

formational Satellite (TSAT) Communications serve a fundamental need of all our expeditionary forces-the expanding need for protected, reliable, long haul communication. We are looking hard at the interoperability between Intelligence Community and DOD requirements. We are also weighing associated affordability/schedule risks and the appropriate tradeoffs leading toward a fiscal year 2012 (November 2011) TSAT first launch.

These priorities, executed through the Commanding the Future framework, will solve our most pressing needs leading into both near and mid term to achieve the needed effects on the battlefield by all members of our joint and coalition team. AFSPC will be ready for whatever the future brings by continuing to innovate, develop, design, launch, and operate leading-edge space and missile systems.

Thank you again for the opportunity to appear before you today. I look forward to your questions.

Senator BILL NELSON. Thank you, General.

Admiral.

STATEMENT OF VICE ADM. ARTHUR K. CEBROWSKI, USN [RET.], DIRECTOR, OFFICE OF FORCE TRANSFORMATION, OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE

Admiral CEBROWSKI. Thank you, sir. It is a pleasure to be here. I suppose what I should do is point out first of all that, unlike my colleagues here to my right, I am really not in the space business; I am in the transformation business. So I am really not here to talk about programmatics for our larger space programs or make declarations about what is or might not be transformational. I have a fondness for microsatellites, but I am really not here to talk about that either, although we are moving into the age of the small, the fast, and the many, not just in space potentially but in all aspects of military operations.

Actually, I am here to discuss a new and broader and complementary business model which could decidedly expand our capabilities base, our technical base, and our competitive base. I really only have three points about that.

First, the barriers to competition are falling in several key elements of military competition. Space is one of those areas, perhaps more than any other area, and consequently the question before us is how do we respond to that.

Second, the old model has a lot of goodness in it, and it pushes to the fore competition on the basis of technology and technical complexity, where we have the ability to indeed do quite well. We need to expand that to a new broader basis for competition with new metrics, for example, and metrics which are more output-oriented rather than the technical insertion piece.

Lastly, there are a few small but very important steps that need to be taken to indeed broaden our space capability and bring the new model on line. We are in a position right now where we judge the strategic context to demand that we be swift, bold, and very specific about what we do. I believe that as the major defense power in the world, we must dare to compete with ourselves to ensure perfection, to set our own standards.

With that, I am very pleased to be here again and eager for your questions.

[The prepared statement of Admiral Cebrowski follows:]

PREPARED STATEMENT BY ADM. ARTHUR K. CEBROWSKI, USN

Chairman Allard, Senator Nelson, and members of the subcommittee, I'm honored to have the opportunity to address the subcommittee, and to join the leaders of our

National Security Space (NSS) team to address current space issues so vital to our Nation and our military forces.

During my April 2002 testimony before the Senate Armed Services Committee, I noted that the barriers to competitive entry are falling as a result of new technologies made possible in the age of information. Nowhere is this truer than in space.

Now it is 2 years later, and transformation across the force is happening much faster than we expected when we announced the journey just 28 months ago. Not just a concept and not just action in the future, transformation is happening today. It is happening due in large part to the information and power derived from our vital space capabilities.

Our space capabilities are a prominent feature of the global advantage we currently enjoy. However, the space technology context is changing, making possible a movement to an additional business model and an expanded business base for space. Cost per kilogram on orbit is still a problem. But, capability per kilogram on orbit is soaring due to advances in information technology. This makes the alternative model feasible. The door for small, micro and nanosatellites is open, allowing us to redefine cost and mission criticality curves, increase transaction and learning rates and the ability to assume risk. As we move towards the age of the small, the fast and the many, it is time to start thinking about applying that movement to our model for space. Adopting this complementary and broader business model will help us ensure space superiority well into a future where space will be yet more responsive to our joint military forces. In short, it is within our capability to create options, a process which itself can be a competitive advantage.

Operationally Responsive Space (ORS) is that new and complementary business model. At its core are: (1) the defining of a joint military demand function; and (2) the focus on providing joint military capabilities for our operational and tactical level commanders. Finally, the model incentivizes output rate and uses a co-evolutionary strategy of concept-technology pairing, providing for iterative advancement in operational capabilities.

PROGRESS OF SPACE TRANSFORMATION

Our NSS team has made great strides in its short 45-year history. Rooted in the Cold War, the NSS program was viewed as a source of national power. There was a clear connection between space and our strategic deterrent forces. The Nation capitalized on converted weapon systems to develop the ability to launch small payloads in low Earth orbit. Then we graduated to larger payloads in higher orbits vital for detecting the ballistic missile threat posed by the Soviet Union.

Thirty years later, the military value of space capabilities became apparent during Operation Desert Storm (ODS), which many have deemed the first space war. In reality, our space forces, like our traditional military forces, used a robust Cold War force structure to defeat the Iraqi Armed Forces and expel them from Kuwait. Nevertheless, ODS highlighted the importance of being able to distribute or operationalize these global space utilities to be operationally relevant in theater.

One need only compare ODS with Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) or Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) to see how successful we have been at operationalizing our global space forces. One of the key differences between ODS and OIF is the distribution of satellite-based wideband communications down to the tactical level. In ODS our military forces_numbered 542,000 and they had 99 megabits per second of bandwidth available. In OEF/OIF bandwidth rose to 3,200 megabits per second while our forces were reduced to 350,000. Satellite communications provided the backbone for Blue Force Tracking, shared situational awareness down to the individual level and allowed operational and tactical level commanders to exploit an unprecedented speed of command. The Nation's space capabilities directly impacted speed of maneuver, the tempo of the fight, and the boldness and lethality of our forces.

Additionally, the advances made in missile warning were significant. In ODS, using our Defense Support Program (DSP) satellites designed to detect the Cold War ballistic missile threat, we were able to give rudimentary theater missile warning. However, in the 10 years since ODS, advances in ground processing, on-orbit software, organizations, command and control and theater warning concept of operations made our warning capability dramatically more robust allowing for theater battlespace characterization.

Finally, it is obvious that, in the years leading up to OIF, great advances were made in distributing the Global Positioning System (GPS) signal to weapons. This has significantly increased our precision strike capability.