the judicial officers of the United States that process of the federal courts could not be executed through the ordinary means, and upon abundant proof that conspiracies existed against commerce between the states.

"To meet these conditions, which are clearly within the province of federal authority, the presence of federal troops in the city of Chicago was deemed not only proper, but necessary, and there has been no intention of thereby interfering with the plain duty of the local authorities to preserve the peace of the city."

To a further protest and argument of the governor the president replied: "While I am still persuaded that I have transcended neither my authority nor duty in the emergency that confronts us, it seems to me that in this hour of danger and public distress discussion may well give way to active effort on the part of the authorities to restore obedience to the law and to protect life and property."

The decisive action of the president restored order, ended the strike, and received the commendation of both houses of congress and of the people generally. The president then appointed a commission to investigate the causes of the strike. It is interesting to note in this connection that by special message to congress of 22 April, 1886, President Cleveland had strongly recommended legislation which should provide for the settlement by arbitration of controversies of this character.

Mr. Cleveland is the first of our chief magistrates who served a second term without being elected as his own sucHe is as distinguished for forcible speech as for

cessor.

*

* Except Grover Cleveland, no president has been re-elected unless he was a military man, or held a chief executive office during a war period. Washington was a soldier of the Revolution; Jefferson, governor of Virginia during that war; Madison, president during the second war with Great Britain; Monroe, a Revolutionary officer; Jackson, the hero of the War of 1812; Lincoln, a soldier and president during the war of the rebellion; and Grant, a soldier of the Mexican and civil wars.

Referring to the post-official career of the presidents, it appears that six of the twenty-three-Washington, Jefferson, Madison, Jackson, Johnson, and Hayes-became planters or farmers upon retiring from public life; that fiveVan Buren, Fillmore, Tyler, Grant, and Cleveland-openly endeavored to obtain another term; that five-Van Buren, Polk, Fillmore, Pierce, and Granttraveled extensively at the close of their official career; and that three-John Adams, Pierce, and Buchanan-sooner or later became recluses.-EDITOR.

forcible action.

His many addresses, both while in and out of office, are marked by clearness of thought and directness of expression, which, with his courage and ability, have always appealed to the best sentiments of the people, and have formed and led a healthy public opinion. Several campaign lives of Mr. Cleveland appeared during his three presidential contests. President Cleveland married, in the White House (see illustration, page 472), on 2 June. 1886, FRANCES FOLSOM, daughter of his deceased friend and part

ner, Oscar Folsom, of the Buffalo
bar. Except the wife of Madison,
Mrs. Cleveland is the youngest of
the many mistresses of the White
House, having been born in Buffalo,
N. Y., in 1864. She is also the first
wife of a president married in the
White House, and the first to give
birth to a child there, their second
daughter having been born in the
executive mansion in 1893.-His

youngest sister, ROSE ELIZABETH, France Cleveland.
born in Fayetteville, N. Y., in 1846,

removed in 1853 to Holland Patent, N. Y., where her father was settled as pastor of the Presbyterian church; and where he died the same year. She was educated at Houghton seminary, became a teacher in that school, and later assumed charge of the Collegiate institute in Lafayette, Ind. She taught for a time in a private school in Pennsylvania, and then prepared a course of historical lectures, which she delivered before the students of Houghton seminary and in other schools. When not employed in this manner, she devoted herself to her aged mother in the homestead at Holland Patent, N. Y., until her mother's death in 1882. On the inauguration of the president she became the mistress of the White House, and after her brother's marriage she returned to Holland Patent, subsequently for a time connecting herself as part owner and instructor in an established institution in New York city. Miss Cleveland has published a volume of lectures and essays under the title "George Eliot's Poetry, and other Studies" (New York, 1885), and "The Long Run," a novel (1886).

BENJAMIN HARRISON.

BENJAMIN HARRISON, twenty-third president of the United States, born in North Bend, Ohio, 20 Aug., 1833. He is the third son of John Scott Harrison (who was a son of President Harrison). It has been stated that his lineage can be traced to Harrison the regicide. He came directly from the Virginia Harrisons, who were distinguished in the early history of that colony; his great-grandfather, Benjamin Harrison, was one of the seven Virginia delegates to the congress which made the Declaration of Independence.* The Harrisons owned large landed estates on the bank of the Ohio near the mouth of the Big Miami. Benjamin assisted in the work on his father's farm, which contained about four hundred acres. The products of the farm were annually shipped in flat boats to New Orleans, and his father usually went with the cargo, the crew being composed of men from the neighborhood who were familiar with the perils of transportation on the Mississippi river. His first studies were prosecuted in the log school-house, and at the age of fifteen he went to Farmers (now Belmont) College, at College Hill, a suburb of Cincinnati. After a two years' stay there he became a student at Miami University, Oxford, where an acquaintance formed at College Hill ripened into a permanent attachment for Miss Caroline L. Scott, who afterward became his wife. The young lady had faith in his star, and did not hesitate to ally her fortunes with his. They were married while he was yet a law student and before he

* The descent of Benjamin Harrison from Pocahontas, daughter of Powhatan, is outlined in a recent work by Wyndham Robinson, entitled "Pocahontas and her Descendants through her Marriage at Jamestown, Virginia, in April, 1614, with John Rolfe, Gentleman." It may also be mentioned that he is among the eight presidents who have been of Welsh descent-John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, James Monroe, John Quincy Adams, William Henry Harrison, James A. Garfield, and Benjamin Harrison.-EDITOR.

*T

: descent of Benjamin Harrison it om 's a'on. hot is out! ac in a recent wor} D Wyndhar R bntas and her Descendants through et Mariage. April, 1014, with folm Rolfe, Gertleran

It r

is among the ei,,ht presins who have been of W. 'sa descent- John A laa Thomas Jefic.son, Times Madison, ja nes Mayor, Jean Quricy Ad cats, W Dha i Henry Harrison, James A Graed, and Benjami Hari