of minerals, and more or less a knowledge of their formation into bodies, each having an affinity for itself. By botany, we arrive at a distinct knowledge of the vegetable kingdom, dividing it into classes or families, each having a resemblance and an affinity for its peculiar kind, as generated from a class. By the study of zoology, we discover the divisions of the animal kingdom into classes, through the aid of physiology, physiognomy, enthnology and anatomy, with the power of each to generate its kind. And no less in art than in science, are we, the Caucasians, rising from dust to fill that great destiny ordered in the creation of man, in the image and after the likeness of his Creator.

The abundant supply of iron in the different States keeps pace with the accustomed wants of our great national family, adding a cementing link by iron bands from one State to another, thus forming a network of rails and telegraph wires, on which the iron horse and the electric fluid pace away, as if by the flight of the imagination; moreover, adding a barrier against the attacks of foreign enemies, in the way of iron clad war steamers!

Most of the metals used for embellishment, and as a circulating medium, are now found in the present bounds of the United States to exist most abundantly; more especially in California, Oregon and New Mexico. Since the discovery of gold in California, not short of one billion of dollars has been exported from the Pacific coast of the United States, giving stability to the financial and commercial transactions of the world.

These Pacific gold mines have surely formed the golden era of our Republic, and increased our commerce on the Pacific, at least one thousand per cent., with the Oceanicans and neighboring Republics. To speak within bounds, no one well acquainted with the natural fecundity of the valley and mountain soils of our possessions on the Pacific, and adjacent thereto, can question, but that these regions have the productive amplitude to yield grains sufficient to bread the vast multitudes within our ocean-bounded Empire!

Since the dawn of our national existence, so rapid have been the steps in the march of the arts and sciences, and in all that is grand and ennobling, and so wide-spread has our commerce become, that whereever we cast our eyes and tread a foreign soil, we see Americans representing their home industry and products, even in the interior of benighted Africa and Pagan-ridden Asia.

The establishments of learning throughout the United States, with the simplification of books adapted to youth, have both received the fostering attention of private individuals and the States, in the form of artistic arrangements to promote health and contentment, and of donations of lands to defray the expenses of tuition. Our common school system of education, based in part on State donations and direct taxation, forces the whole body politic to feel their mutual dependence on each other, which educates and defends the State.

No one can doubt but that man, by his nature, is a peculiar being, presenting a wonderful combination of intellect and the lowest animal propensities. His

mind soars to heaven, and calculates the planitary system of worlds, and holds lightning within his reach, as if playing with a feather, demanding converse with other worlds, borne down to this. By his nature he is social, yet the stronger oppress the weaker, enslave them, and tax their virtues. And when wealth and power are obtained, they are not unfrequently used to exert an undue and an unholy influence, as in the case of Church and State. Animals are divided into two classes-those exercising reasoning powers and those seemingly void of them, except so far as relates to their appetites and passions. The second class are composed of all that animal existence which walk on the earth on all fours, of whatever shape, or dart through the waters, or skim the air with graceful evolutions, presenting to the critical observer links of peculiar assimilations, in their organic forms, till this class assume the shape and partial facial contour of the first class, yet reason in them is not apparent from the analogy which they bear to the former, the whites, in whom we see, in a greater or less degree, the height of reason displayed.

In this class we see the gradation of animals rising to the forms of the human species among the differeut kinds of apes, which are spoken of in works on natural history, as Goldsmith's Animated Nature, Cuvier's works on the same subject, the Vestiges of Creation, Types of Mankind, and Indigenous Races of Mankind, by authors of a more recent date.

The native of New Holland may be a grade higher than the nondescript of Barnum's found in the forests of Africa; this has never been taught to speak,

but it grunts out the impulses of its nature in a guteral manner. It may be a link higher than the gorilla; however, its head and body are ape-shaped, and indicate its peculiar lower animal organization, in the length of its arms and fingers, the flatness of its nose, the bigness of its nostrils, the projection of its forehead backwards, fully at an angle of forty-five degrees, the broadness of the head from ear to ear, the smallness of the body just above the hips, the negroshaped eye, its somewhat ape-shaped foot, and lack of hair. It can walk on all fours nearly as well as erect.

By the study of natural history, we discover that, in the higher order of apes arranged with reference to size, their brains would appear related to man as follows, to-wit: the gorilla, chimpanzee, orang outang, mbouve and gibbon. In their habits, mode of living, the food eaten by them, their attack and defence, they quite assimilate themselves to the natives of New Holland, perhaps the lowest of the black races!

By this study; by travels into foreign lands, either by private parties, or expeditions fitted out by Governments; by our frequeut intercourse with man; it is natural to draw conclusions with respect to the subordinate and inferior existences of color and the human family, and the distinctions which colors make respecting progress in the advancement of the arts and sciences.

The term subordinate, and inferior existences of colors, possessing degrees of humanity, (the peculiar nature of man, by which he is distinguished from the other beings,) comprehends that order under the head of "living creature" in the 24th verse of the first

chapter of Genesis, and defines their degrees of approximating humanity, which is as they come in contact with the white race, becoming thereby molded like them, and as they have manifested natural capacities as a whole or alone, to intelligence; and inasmuch as they physically resemble man, as here⚫ after proved.

Humanity alone could not belong to them, for it is an attribute of man alone created in the image and after the likeness of God; but a degree of it is their due, inasmuch as they resemble the white man, for in so much they are accountable, and no more. Else the savage negro in Africa be human, and if so, he is, as we are, accountable for the full term humanity, without our light being imparted to him, as he would not need it; but he would be like us, full of light, and hence humanity. As there is a vast difference in the mental and physical organization of the progressive existences of colors and man, as we shall hereafter prove, so there is in humanity; hence a difference in humanity, or a degree of humanity, is not humanity itself; therefore, they cannot bear fully the term human, but intermediate-human. In the researches of Dr. Pritchard, we discover that he contends all existences of colors, including the Mongolian, Indian, Malay and African, originated from the common termhomo, man. And we, in our daily conversation, find many would-be intelligent ladies and gentlemen favor this position, as if their reason had ascended its throne. These very good people forget that God created everything into distinct classes; hence rye, corn, wheat, oats and barley, are classes respectively, re