ment of a native monarchy not only presented serious difficulty but also a standing menace to the future peace and prosperity of the country. In the first place, no living descendants of former royal houses could be found. But even

if one could be found that would be acceptable to the leaders, still the question of permanent peace was not solved; for sooner or later strife and struggle would result from dissatisfaction with a monarchical form of government as modern education and intelligence increased among the people, so that ultimately a war for freedom and equal suffrage would have to be waged all over again. They were sure that the ultimate form of government of the whole world. is republican. They then decided to spread the propaganda of republicanism among the younger and enlightened circles of the Chinese people, especially the student body, so that when the time should be ripe for the launching of another revolution, the banner of a great republic might be unfurled. A flag of the Republic was then designed and accepted by the leaders the flag that is now floating so proudly over the ancient land of China. The leaders were gratified to find that the idea of establishing a republic in China, in the event of a successful revolution, was well received. The enlightened portion of the Chinese living in foreign countries was especially enthusiastic over the republican idea.

The scheme devised by the revolutionary leaders for the government of a Chinese republic is different from the governmental scheme in the United States. The leaders in the movement were thoroughly aware of the mental condition of the Chinese people at large, and knew that many years must necessarily elapse before the masses are sufficiently educated to be able to appreciate and exercise the full rights of suffrage. Therefore, during the period of reconstruction and education, they intend that the suffrage shall be very limited, and the selection of public servants is to be very simple. The right to vote will be conditioned upon educational and property holding qualifications. The qualified voters will elect the members of

the district council, the council will select officials of the district and enact laws for the government of the district, and will also select representatives from the district as members of the provincial assembly. The provincial assembly will select the officials and enact the laws of the province. The provincial assembly will also select representatives to the National Assembly. The National Assembly will pass all laws for the central government, will approve all treaties. with foreign countries, will elect a president and a vice-president and a premier, and will approve or reject all appointments made by the president.

Obviously, this scheme contemplates very limited suffrage rights as compared to those enjoyed by the citizens of the American Republic. But it was understood that as the people increase in intelligence and knowledge, suffrage is to be enlarged gradually until in time the people are to enjoy the right as fully as the citizens of the most modern republics.

In the meantime the leaders in conference at Tokio decided to devote all their energy to spreading the propaganda of a revolution that they intended should be the most civilized known in history. They resolved to work among the younger generations and especially in the army and navy. They then thought that it would require about fifteen to twenty years of preliminary work before a successful coup d'etat could take place. But recent developments in the Orient accelerated the progress of the revolutionary spirit throughout the vast Empire of China, and thereby hastened the doom of the Manchu régime. Immediately after the conclusion of the disastrous war with Japan in 1894-1895, mutterings of discontent against the Government were heard among the modernized portion of the Chinese. Though these were insignificant in number at the time, they increased rapidly until they were represented in every locality. Between locality. Between 1895 and 1900 great unrest manifested itself almost everywhere. The people were greatly concerned about the safety of the country. They were intensely bitter against the Government because it had shown crimi

nal negligence and incompetency in every undertaking.

It was during this period that the Powers were conspiring to bring about the dismemberment of China. In fact the wedge of dismemberment had already been driven into the country's vitals through concessions of harbors, ports, railways, mining, spheres of influence, etc. The reform measures launched by the late, good intentioned emperor, Kwang Hsu, for a few months gave the Chinese a glimpse of hope, but these hopes were blasted by the reactionaries, headed by the late Empress Dowager, who rendered all the reform measures abortive. Boxer movement, in the summer of 1900, was backed and encouraged by the Manchu Government under the late Dowager, as a reactionary policy primarily directed against the progressive spirit of the Chinese. Then it became apparent to the Chinese people that there could be no hope from the reactionary Manchus for the salvation of the country.

The

After the conclusion of the RussoJapanese war, 1904-1905, the Chinese were utterly sick of the effete Manchu régime. They knew that it was through the weakness and criminal negligence of their Manchu rulers that Russia and Japan fought the late war. They regarded it as an everlasting disgrace and irreparable injury to China. They lost all faith in the Imperial Government's outward show of reform and in its empty promises. They had diagnosed the disease that afflicted the Manchu body politic as a malady beyond the power of remedial treatment.

And it was not only the Chinese that regarded the Government as hopeless, for some enlightened Manchu officials had also viewed the situation in the same light and felt the same despair. Prince Pu Lun, the most enlightened of the Manchu princes, who came over to this country as Commissioner to the St. Louis World's Fair in 1904, had often discussed with his intimate friends the hopelessness of Manchu reform, and he considered the case as too far gone. His private secretary related to me that the Prince had anticirated the utter collapse of the political structure set up by the Manchus in 1644.

After the fanatical and reactionary socalled Boxer movement in 1900, the antidynastic spirit manifested itself everywhere and the revolutionary activity took fresh start. Revolutionary writings, printed secretly in China and openly in foreign countries (especially in Japan), were to be seen and read in every community throughout the whole Empire, in spite of the prohibitive measures taken by the Imperial Government. Revolutionary newspapers increased in number with remarkable rapidity in the foreign concessions of the treaty ports, where they were outside the jurisdiction of the Manchu Government, and among the Chinese colonies in foreign countries. It was against the law to circulate these newspapers in China, but they had readers everywhere.

There were great accessions to the revolutionary societies. These organizations were known by different names in different parts of the country. The society in Shan-tung province was known as the "Big Sword League," and that in the provinces of Kiang-su and Che-kiang as the "Little Sword League." In Hu-nan and Hu-peh it was called the "Elder Brother League," while in Sze-chuen it was known as the "Younger Brother League." In Shen-si it was called the "White Lotus League," in Kansu the "Heaven Clear League." In Kwan-tung were three organizations, namely: the "Three United League,' League," the "Three Dot League" and the "China Reviving League." There are many similar organizations among the Chinese in foreign countries. There are five among the Chinese in America: the "Most Impartial League"-commonly called the Chinese Free Mason Society - the "Great Harmony League," the "Golden Orchid League," the "Middle Reviving League,' and the "Covenant League." The two last named were organized by Dr. Sun Yat Sen through hard personal endeavor. In the Straits Settlements they have the "Middle Harmony Company." They give the name of "Company" to their organization because the British Colonial Government does not permit the organization and maintenance of secret societies.

In Tokio the revolutionists call their society the "Covenant League."

The most ardent workers for the revolutionary cause were the students. Their enthusiasm and devotion to the new ideal were without bound, and the reckless and fearless manner in which they carried on the preaching of the gospel of political emancipation cost many of them their lives in recent years, but that did not deter others from following this dangerous calling.

During the last two years the growth of democratic tendency among the leaders of the people was remarkable, and the boldness of the press in advocating the rights of the people was no less remarkable. In December, 1910, I was in Peking and there listened to the speeches made on the floor of the National Assembly. These speeches and debates were very democratic, even revolutionary, in spirit. In one of the sittings the Prince Regent was denounced in the severest terms for siding with the grand councilors in opposing the actions taken by the Assembly on the day previous. A member got up on the platform and in a ringing voice said:

"We wish to let the Government understand that the Empire is no longer the property of a few men. It belongs to the people, and we are the representatives of the people; therefore we must take measures to safeguard the interest of the people. If the Prince Regent continues to side with the obsolete and useless grand councilors, in obstructing the progress and the interest of the people, we shall be compelled by our sense of duty to impeach the Prince Regent, to show him that he is not so indispensable to the well being of the nation. Let him take notice of this."

Could a speech more democratic and fearless be heard on the floor of the American Congress in Washington?

After the death of that remarkable woman who had held the reins of government with such a firm hand for so many years the Empress Dowager, Tze Hsi -on November 15, 1908, the government fell into incapable hands, and had no settled policy either in foreign relations or in internal administration. Seeing the weakness of the Imperial Government, and taking advantage of it, the revolutionary

advocates lost no time in pushing ahead the doctrine of political liberty and national regeneration. Special efforts were made to win over the entire army and navy to the side of the people. And in fact these two parts of the Manchu Government were thoroughly honeycombed with revolutionary propaganda, with or without the knowledge of the officers in command. It was the intention of the revolutionary leaders to destroy the Manchu Government without much loss of lives and property.

On the clear and peaceful day of October 10, 1911, the long looked for spark started at the viceregal city of Wuchang. The Viceroy, Juicheng, blind to his own helplessness and to the formidable strength of the revolutionary portion of the army, beheaded thirty-eight soldiers and officers for being involved in a revolutionary conspiracy. At once a large portion of the troops, under Col. Li Yuen Hung, raised the standard of revolt and unfurled the tricolor of the Republic, and proclaimed the principle of the revolution to the people. Almost immediately one province after another fell into line and declared for the Republic with hardly any struggle or loss of lives. Within four months, the political machine of the Manchus, which had held on to the Chinese throne for two hundred and seventy years, completely collapsed and became a thing of the past. The oldest monarchy became the youngest republic on earth. The emancipation of four hundred and fifty million human beings from despotism and political slavery had been accomplished. The first great republic of Asia was born.

Now despotism has been at last dethroned and the people have come to their own. The leaders of the revolution have shown themselves to be really great patriots and capable of great deeds. It is their intention to work together to build the Republic on a firm foundation and to bring about the materialization of the following aims:

A strong central government, modernization of all institutions, complete development of natural resources, absolute separation of church and state, close and harmonious relations with the world.

H

OW can I get the flies out of my house and keep them out?"

First, kill all the flies in the house. Close the windows and doors, heat a small coal shovel, and pour twenty drops of carbolic acid on it. The fumes from the acid will kill all the flies in a large room. Another way is to Another way is to burn pyrethrum powder-ordinary "Persian Insect Powder" - which, if pure and freshly ground, will give off a dense smoke that will stupefy every fly within reach of its fumes, so that they can then be swept up and burned. Kill them with "swatters." A very simple home-made "swatter" can be made of a piece of wire window screening four or five inches wide and six to eight inches long, inserted in a cleft in the end of a two-foot stick.

For the stray fly, use sticky fly paper and poison. The most effective poison is a solution of formalin in the proportion of eight teaspoonfuls to a quart of water. This is a safe poison where little children are about, for even if they should drink it, it would not kill them. Break a small nick in the edge of a bottle's mouth, fill the bottle with the solution and stand it inverted, in a saucer. Enough of the poison will flow into the saucer to answer the purpose, and as it evaporates more will flow down from the bottle. A piece of bread covered with sugar placed in the saucer will attract the flies. If placed where dogs or birds can get at it, cover the poison outfit with a screen of coarse wire, so as not to poison anything but the flies.

Another cheap and reliable fly poison which is not dangerous to human life is made by dissolving one drachm of bichromate of petroleum in two ounces of water, sweetened with sugar.

Fly traps can be easily made at home by rolling a piece of wire netting into a cylinder eight inches in diameter and a foot high. Another piece of the netting is folded into a cone and placed over the

top and another cone placed inside the lower end of the cylinder, this cone having a hole punched in its apex through which the flies can crawl readily. The device should be set up so the flies may crawl under it, and baited with sweets.

A form of fly trap that is especially effective in stores and restaurant kitchens consists of a trough of tin three quarters of an inch wide and of the same depth, and as long as the width of the window. If this is placed close against the window on the inside and kept half filled with kerosene, every fly approaching the window I will fall into it, for the fumes of the kerosene have an overpowering effect on the insect.

Screen doors are a favorite gathering place for flies, which hang about them waiting for someone to let them in. Mix a teaspoonful of carbolic acid with a quart of kerosene and rub the solution the solution on the screen door. It will at once cease to attract the flies. A weak solution of formaldehyde may be applied in the same way.

The same carbolic acid and kerosene solution may be used in an ordinary plant sprayer to spray the garbage can, which is the principal attraction for flies indoors. A better plan, however, is to keep the garbage can outdoors and put a fly trap in the cover of it. Any local tinsmith can attach a trap to the cover readily, and at a very small expense. Fly traps can also be easily attached to window screens so that flies which do get in will be caught as they are going out.

There would be no flies to kill if there were no filth for them to breed in. Ninety per cent. of all flies are bred in horse manure, so keep the stable tightly screened, with fly traps set in the window screens. Spray the floors around the horse stalls with a good disinfectant. Pyroligneous acid, a by-product of the distillation of turpentine, is a very valuable spray because it is effective and non-inflammable. It can be bought in New York for $4.25 a

barrel and may be obtained wherever paints and oils are sold. Kerosene is good, but increases the fire risk. Keep the stable refuse in a bin tightly covered with a wire netting cover. This will prevent the female fly from getting access to the contents to lay her eggs.

Clean up every place where decaying animal or vegetable refuse accumulates. Spray every receptacle for refuse with one of the kerosene or pyroligneous acid preparations, or with any good commercial disinfectant. Remember all the time that flies and filth begin with the same letter and mean the same thing.

Keep the flies away from the sick room, especially where there are contagious diseases.

Don't let waste paper or old rags accumulate where they can decay. Flies will breed in them if exposed to moisture.

After the refuse pile has been removed sprinkle the ground thoroughly, as the fly maggots crawl down into the earth to develop.

If the house drains empty on the surface of the ground, pour kerosene into them. If your sewerage system leaks pour kerosene into it.

If possible, burn all garbage. There are garbage incinerators that may be attached to the stove pipe that reduce the garbage to a combustible mass without odor.

If you cannot trace the flies about your premises to any other source, look in the cuspidor.

Keep flies away from food. Hemispherical wire screens to place over dishes may be bought anywhere in all sizes. Any one who will follow these directions can get rid of flies.

O

BY

IN THE 14th of December, 1911, Roald Amundsen, the first man to navigate a ship through the Northwest Passage, and four companions raised the Norwegian flag at the South Pole.

This expedition left Christiania a year and a half before, in June, 1910, in Nansen's ship, the Fram, ostensibly bound for Behring Strait via Cape Horn, to attempt a three or four year drift across the North Polar basin and over the Pole itself. From Madeira Amundsen cabled home, apparently much to the surprise of his friends, that he was going to the Antarctic regions and make an attempt to reach the South Pole. He was next heard from at Buenos Ayres. A few months later it was reported that Scott's

ship had found Amundsen in the Fram in Balloon Bight or the Bay of Whales near the Eastern end of the Ross Sea ice barrier, and not far from King Edward VII Land. On the 10th of February, 1911, Amundsen's land party commenced establishing advance depots for the polar sledge journey which actually began October, 20th, and ended January 25th, with their return to the Bay of Whales, one year from the time of landing.

Leaving the Shackleton route to the Scott expedition, as he was bound to do according to exploring ethics, Amundsen set a direct course for the pole west of the coast of King Edward VII Land, developing his own route. To my mind Amundsen had one great advantage over the Scott expedition. His tractive power was dogs. His experience with them in the