ples of the anti-slavery argument made prior to the Civil War. The student will find it profitable to compare it with Lincoln's speeches in the Freeport Debate, with the view of contrasting its superiority in the art of expression. As showing the minute thoroughness of its preparation, it is said to have taken the New York Tribune three weeks to verify the statements of fact in this address.

215:17. That wing of the Democracy headed by Senator Douglas. In 1860 Douglas was the candidate of the Northern Democracy for the presidency.

216: 19. Does the proper division of local from Federal authority. The issue thus succinctly stated was of course a controlling issue of the previous debates. See Lincoln's second question in the Freeport Debate, p. 21.

216:31. In 1784. In this year Jefferson reported to the Congress of the Confederation "an ordinance that provided for the prohibition of slavery after the year 1800, above the parallel of 31° north latitude." (Rhodes: Hist. of U. S. i. 15.) The measure failed to pass by one vote, to Jefferson's keen disappointment.

219:10. North Carolina ceded . . . the state of Tennessee. "In 1790 Congress had accepted the cession of North Carolina back lands on the express condition that slavery there be undisturbed." Dubois: Suppression of the Slave Trade, p. 88.

219: 12. A few years later Georgia ceded Mississippi and Alabama. In 1798 this cession was accepted by Congress.

231: 10.

The warning against sectional parties given by Washington in his Farewell Address. The passage alluded to includes the following: “It is of infinite moment that you should properly estimate the immense value of your National Union to your collective and individual happiness, that you should cherish a cordial, habitual, and immovable attachment to it; accustoming

yourselves to think and speak of it as of the palladium of your political safety and prosperity; watching for its preservation with jealous anxiety; and indignantly frowning upon the first dawning of any attempt to alienate any portion of our country from the rest, or to enfeeble the sacred ties which now link together the various parts."

233: 18. What is your proof? Harper's Ferry! John Brown's raid upon Harper's Ferry, beginning Oct. 16, 1859, was one of the most dramatic episodes of the anti-slavery agitation before the outbreak of the Civil War. John Brown, a native of Connecticut, with his sons an active participant in the Kansas border warfare in 1856, began early in 1857, on the pretext of securing aid for that contest, to collect material secretly for an invasion of Virginia; also to drill a military company. He gradually enlisted the sympathy and secured some contributions from Northern Abolitionists. But the impracticable character of the man and his enterprise for destroying slavery in Virginia became quickly apparent to most of them. Undaunted by his slender support, however, he appeared in Virginia in July, 1859, and for about three months was plotting the capture of Harper's Ferry, a small town in which was located a government arsenal. Brown's idea was that the slaves would flock to his standard as soon as it was raised, and that by arming them and withdrawing his force to the mountains, he would presently create an insurrection sufficiently formidable to destroy the system of slavery in Virginia and perhaps eventually throughout the South.

On Oct. 16, 1859, he captured the government arsenal with his force of eighteen men. For two days he held the works against an increasing force of assailants. At length Brevet Col. Robt. E. Lee, with eighty marines, captured Brown with six men, all that were left of his force. The seven were quickly tried, convicted of trea

son, and hanged. John Brown met his fate with a heroism which extorted the admiration of his enemies.

John Brown was a fanatic. Yet there was ingrained in his character, inflexible resolution, unsurpassed physical and moral heroism, and a sort of stern Puritan idealism, all of which invite a comparison of the man with the psalm-singing warriors of Cromwell's time. These elements of character we must consider, as well as the political tension of the time, before we comprehend the tremendous moral effect of this Quixotic raid upon the country at large. For a considerable period it dominated all political discussion. Lincoln's judgment of the affair expressed in this address represents the general opinion of the present day.

235:6. What induced the Southampton insurrection. In August of 1831, a slave insurrection broke out in Southampton, Va., under the leadership of Nat Turner, and more than sixty white persons, most of them women and children, were massacred in cold blood." (Burgess: The Middle Period, p. 249.) Both at the North and at the South it was generally believed that the insurrection was instigated by the Abolitionists. The Abolitionist historians deny that such was the case. 235:27. The slave revolution in Hayti. The slaves of Hayti rose in insurrection on August 23, 1791. For several years a terrible struggle went on between the representatives of French authority and the negroes under the leadership of Tousaint L'Ouverture and his successors, ending with the independence of the negro republic. The contest was waged throughout its length with extreme ferocity and cruelty.

235:29. The Gunpowder Plot. The Gunpowder Plot was a design to blow up the English House of Lords, conceived in 1604 by certain Catholic opponents of the religious policy of that body. Twenty-six barrels of powder were stored in a vault beneath the chamber in which the Lords met, and it was planned to explode the

powder on the 5th of November, 1605. Twenty persons were admitted to the plot, who kept it a secret for a year and a half. Ultimately, however, one of the number, wishing to warn a particular friend among the Lords, despatched him a mysterious note of warning, which led to an investigation, and the discovery of the plot. Guy Fawkes, the leader, and all his accomplices, were arrested and executed, or else killed in resisting arrest.

237:10. Orsini's attempt on Louis Napoleon. On January 14, 1858, a gang of desperadoes under Felice Orsini attempted to assassinate Napoleon III. As the gang had made London its base of operations, a strong feeling of resentment against England arose in France because its members had found shelter there.

237: 17. Helper's Book. Hinton R. Helper was the author of "The Impending Crisis of the South," a book published in 1857. Because of its bitter attack upon the economic and moral aspects of slavery, the book produced a great sensation, and its author, a Southern man, writing from the point of view of the "poor whites," was obliged to become a fugitive.

THE END