is Going Wrong," and "The Crisis is Artificial" he exposed himself to the ridicule of his enemies, and to the censure of many of his chagrined supporters.

The Presidential speeches, however, are admirable in every respect. From the impromptu replies to serenades to the immortal Speech at Gettysburg and the sublime Second Inaugural Address, all of the President's utterances possess that supreme quality of oratory known by the older rhetoricians as grace, the perfect adaptation of word and sentiment to the spirit and needs of the occasion.

The Conversations and Anecdotes which close the volume form a logical appendix to the speeches in their revelation of the height and breadth and depth of the nature of the speaker. And since they relate particularly to the crucial period of Lincoln's statesmanship, when he was planning and executing the Emancipation Proclamation, they serve even more fittingly as an introduction to the succeeding volume of the series, that of State Papers.

INTRODUCTION

A Pen-Sketch of President Lincoln.*

BY WALT WHITMAN.

I see the President almost every day, as I happen to live where he passes to or from his lodgings out of town. He never sleeps at the White House during the hot season, but has quarters at a healthy location some three miles north of the city, the Soldiers' Home, a United States military establishment. I saw him this morning about 8.30, coming in to business, riding on Vermont Avenue, near L Street. He always has a company of twenty-five or thirty cavalry, with sabres drawn, and held upright over their shoulders. The party makes no great show in uniforms or horses. Mr. Lincoln, on the saddle, generally rides a good-sized, easy-going gray horse, is dressed in plain black, somewhat rusty and dusty; wears a black stiff hat, and looks about as ordinary in attire, etc., as the commonest man. A lieutenant, with yellow straps, rides. at his left, and following behind, two by two, come the cavalrymen in their yellow-striped jackets. They are generally going at a slow trot, as that is the pace set them by the One they wait upon. The sabres and accoutrements clank, and the entirely unornamental cortège as it trots toward Lafayette Square arouses no sen* From Note-book, August 12, 1864.

sation, only some curious stranger stops and gazes. I see very plainly ABRAHAM LINCOLN'S dark brown face, with the deep-cut lines, the eyes, etc., always to me with a latent sadness in the expression. We have got so that we always exchange bows, and very cordial ones.

Sometimes the President goes and comes in an open barouche. The cavalry always accompany him, with drawn sabres. Often I notice as he goes out evenings-and sometimes in the morning when he returns early-he turns off and halts at the large and handsome residence of the Secretary of War on K Street, and holds conference there. If in his barouche, I can see from my window that he does not alight, but sits in the vehicle, and Mr. Stanton comes out to attend him. Sometimes one of his sons, a boy of ten or twelve, accompanies him, riding at his right on a pony.

Earlier in the summer I occasionally saw the President and his wife, toward the latter part of the afternoon, out in a barouche, on a pleasure ride through the city. Mrs. Lincoln was dressed in complete black, with a long crape veil. The equipage is of the plainest kind, only two horses, and they nothing extra. They passed me once very close, and I saw the President in the face fully, as they were moving slow, and his look, though abstracted, happened to be directed steadily in my eye. He bowed and smiled, but far beneath his smile I noticed well the expression I have alluded to. None of the artists or pictures [photographs] have caught the subtle and indirect expression of this man's face. One of the great portrait painters of two or three centuries ago is needed.

SPEECHES AND PRESIDEN

TIAL ADDRESSES

(1859-1865)

The Treason of Secession.

FRAGMENT OF SPEECH AT LEAVENWORTH, ΚΑΝ. DECEMBER 5, 1859.

In response to invitations from Republicans of Kansas Mr. Lincoln made a tour of that Territory from December 1 to 5, 1859, speaking at Elwood, Troy, Doniphan, Atchison, and Leavenworth. As indicated by notes left by Mr. Lincoln, the substance of these addresses is largely that of those delivered in Ohio in the autumn. The speaker took the popular sovereignty theory of Senator Douglas for his target, and riddled it with shafts of piercing argument and irony, showing that its essential principle was: "If one man would enslave another, neither that other nor any third man has a right to object." The following is a fragment delivered at Leavenworth :

But you Democrats are for the Union; and you greatly fear the success of the Republicans would destroy the Union. Why? Do the Republicans declare against the Union? Nothing like it. Your own statement of it is that if the Black Republicans elect a President, you "won't stand it." You will break up the Union. If we shall constitutionally elect a President, it will be our duty to see that you submit. Old John Brown

has been executed for treason against a State. We cannot object, even though he agreed with us in thinking slavery wrong. That cannot excuse violence, bloodshed, and treason. It could avail him nothing that he might think himself right. So, if we constitutionally elect a President, and therefore you undertake to destroy the Union, it will be our duty to deal with you as old John Brown has been dealt with. We shall try to do our duty. We hope and believe that in no section will a majority so act as to render such extreme measures necessary.

Lecture on "Discoveries, Inventions, and Improvements."

DELIVERED BEFORE THE SPRINGFIELD LIBRARY ASSOCIATION, SPRINGFIELD, ILL. FEBRUARY 22, 1860.*

We have all heard of Young America. He is the most current youth of the age. Some think him conceited and arrogant; but has he not reason to entertain a rather extensive opinion of himself? Is he not the inventor and owner of the present, and sole hope of the future? Men and things, everywhere, are ministering unto him. Look at his apparel, and you shall see cotton fabrics from Manchester and Lowell; flax linen from Ireland; wool cloth from Spain; silk from France; furs from the Arctic region; with a buffalo-robe from the Rocky Mountains, as a general outsider. At his table, besides plain bread and meat made at home, are sugar from

*This speech had been delivered in whole or in part in neighboring towns during the previous year.