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for distinguished bravery. Altogether, some 60 Negro officers were decorated for bravery. Some 350 non-commissioned officers and privates of the Negro American soldiers were also, for their bravery, given medals of honor.

NEGROES AT WEST POINT.

Three Negroes have graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York. Henry O. Flipper, 1877, the first to graduate, served for a time in the regular army, but because of difficulties was discharged. He then went to Mexico. John H. Alexander, 1887, the second graduate, died March 26, 1894, while serving as military instructor at Wilberforce University. Charles Young, 1889, the third Negro to graduate, was retired in 1917 with the rank of Colonel.

Nine other Negroes attended but did not graduate from West Point as follows: James W. Smith, South Carolina, 1870-1874; Henry A. Napier, Tennessee, 187172; Thomas Van R. Gibbs, Florida, 1872-73; John W. Williams, Virginia, 18741875; Johnson C. Whittaker, South Carolina, 1876-1882; Charles A. Minnie, New York, 1877-78; William T. Andrews, South Carolina, 1885-86; William A. Hare, Ohio, 1885-1886; William W. Holloway, South Carolina, 1886.

NEGROES AT ANNAPOLIS.

No Negroes have graduated from the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis. The following, however, have attended: John Henry Conyers, South Carolina, 1872-73; Alonzo C. McClellan, South Carolina, 1873; and Henry E. Baker, Mississippi, 1874-75.

NEGRO OFFICERS IN THE REGULAR ARMY.
Active List.

Benjamin O. Davis, Lieutenant Colonel, Cavalry, Inspector-Instructor, Ohio National
Guard, Cleveland, Ohio.
John E. Green, Lieuntenant Colonel 25th Infantry, Camp Henry J. Jones, Arizona.
Louis A. Carter, Chaplain (Captain) 25th Infantry, Camp Henry J. Jones, Arizona.
Alexander W. Thomas, Chaplain (Captain) 24th Infantry, Fort Benning, Ga.
Monroe S. Caver, Chaplain (First Lieutenant) 9th Cavalry, For. Riley, Kans.

Retired List.

Allen Allensworth, Chaplain (Lieutenant Colonel), (Deceased)
Charles Young, Colonel (Deceased).

John R. Lynch, Major, Chicago, Illinois.

William T. Anderson, Chaplain (Major), Cleveland, Ohio.
George W. Prioleau, Chaplain (Major), Los Angeles, Calif.

T. G. Steward, Chaplain (Captain), (Deceased).

Washington W. E. Gladden, Chaplain (Captain), (Deceased).
Oscar J. W. Scott, Chaplain (Major), Washington, D. C.

Negro Warrant Officers

United States Army.

On June 9, 1920, the War Department published the following amendment to National Defense Act of June 3, 1916.

"Warrant Officers. In addition to those authorized for the Army Mine Planter Service, there shall be not more than 1120 Warrant Officers, including Band Leaders. Appointments shall be made by the Secretary of War from among non-commissioned officers who have had at least ten years' enlisted service; enlisted men who served as officers of the Army at some time between April 6, 1917 and Nov. 11, 1918, and whose total service in the Army, enlisted and commissioned, amounts to five years; persons serving or who have served as Army Field Clerks, or Field Clerks, Quartermaster Corps; and, in the case of those who are to be assigned to duty as Band Leaders, from among persons who served as Army Band Leaders at some time between Apr. 6, 1917 and November 11, 1918."

The bill was passed in order to provide suitable rank for former Emergency Officers, who would revert back to their pre-war enlisted grade upon discharge as commissioned officers.

Warrant Officers take rank next below Second Lieutentants and among themselves according to the dates of their respective warrants.

Warrant Officers are assigned to tactical units, to Department and Corps Area headquarters, camps, posts, etc., for clerical, administrative, supply and police duties. They also serve as Band Leaders, Special Disbursing officers, Assistant

Professors of Military Science and Tactics, Property auditors and duties on Army Mine Planters.

They are entitled to retirement from the Army the same as commissioned officers, i. e., for 30 years' service or physical disability.

The following list of Negro Warrant officers was reported by the Adjutant General's office on December 3, 1924:

Robert Anderson, Rock Island Arsenal, Illinois.

Stephen B. Barrows, Camp Marfa, Texas.

Arthur Chambliss, Camp Harry J. Jones, Arizona.

Roscoe Clayton, Howard University, Washington, D. C.

Jesse Anderson Coleman, Nogales, Arizona.

Charles C. Cooper, Hampton Institute, Hampton, Virginia.

James Winthrop Granson, Fort Benning, Georgia.

Thomas Arthur Firmes, Fort Huachuca, Arizona.

Aaron R. Fisher, Camp Stephen D. Little, Arizona.

Benjamin F. Ford, Headquarters Philippine Division, Manila, Philippine Islands.
William Gillum, Fort Huachuca, Arizona.

Jack T. Goodrum, Watertown Arsenal, Watertown, Mass.

Elijah Harold Goodwin, Fort Riley, Kansas.

William Washington Green, Negro Agricultural and Technical College, Greensboro. Edmund Harper, Fort Benning, Georgia.

Wade H. Hammond, Fort Huachuca, Arizona.

Reuben Horner, Philippine Quartermaster Depot, Manila, Philippine Islands.
Matthew Jackson, Camp Stephen D. Little, Arizona.

Hansom Johnson, Hawaiian Ordinance Depot, Honolulu, Hawaii.

Percy L. Jones, Presidio of San Francisco, California.

Orestus John Kincaid, Colored High Schools, Washington, D. C.

Leslie King, Nogales, Arizona.

Edward C. Knox, Nogales, Arizona.

Vance H. Marchbanks, Fort Huachuca, Arizona.

Henry Morrow, Fort Huachuca, Arizona.

George Murphy, Douglas, Arizona.

Charles W. Owens, Camp Harry J. Jones, Douglas, Arizona.

Walter R. Sanders, Headquarters, First Corps Area, Army Base, Boston 9, Mass.
Edward W. Spearman, Camp Stephen D. Little, Arizona.

Leslie J. Thurman, Fort Sill, Oklahoma.

Edward York, Colored High Schools, Washington, D. C.

CARNEGIE HERO FUND COMMISSION AWARDS.

The following is a list of the awards made from April 25, 1919 to June 16, 1924, inclusive by the Carnegie Hero Fund Commission to colored persons for deeds of heroism and also of the awards to white persons who performed deeds of heroism in connection with efforts to save colored persons from injury or death. (1)

Awards.

Milton Carter (colored), aged twenty-two, clerk, died attempting to save Arthur J. Truly (colored), aged nineteen, laborer, from drowning, East Haven, Conn., August 7, 1919. Truly got into difficulty in Long Island Sound near a rock that projected from shore, and called for help. Carter ran out on the rock to a point near Truly; and as Truly was sinking, Carter dived beside him. Truly and Carter rose together. Carter's back was to Truly. He told Truly to grasp him, and Truly took hold of him around the waist, and they sank immediately and were drowned. His widow was awarded a bronze medal, and until further notice, $25 a month, not to extend, however, beyond five years, or the date of her remarriage.

Walter Ross (colored), aged thirty-four, locomotive fireman, attempted to rescue Roy L. Riley (colored), aged nineteen, driver, from a runaway, Greenville, S. C., July 19, 1916. While Riley was driving a horse hitched to a wagon, the lines fell to the street. He reached for them and fell on one of the thills, striking the horse, and causing it to run away. Ross ran into the street in front of the horse. He reached for the bridle, and the horse struck him and knocked him down. Riley fell on top of Ross, and a wheel of the wagon ran over the right leg of Ross. The horse stopped two hundred feet beyond Ross. Riley was not injured. Ross' leg was broken, his head was lacerated, and his back was bruised. He was disabled nearly ten months. He was awarded a bronze medal and $1,000 disablement benefits.

Walker O. Lindsey, (white) aged twenty-nine, superintendent, saved Andrew Dorsey, (colored), aged twenty-four, and attempted to save Hilliard Mapp (colored), aged fortyseven, laborers, from a cave-in in a well, Madison, Ga., March 20, 1916. Dorsey, Mapp, and Lindsey were working at the bottom of a well thirty feet deep when part of a wall of the well caved on them. Dorsey's leg was caught by some timbers, and he was partially buried Mapp was completely buried. Lindsey was buried so that only his head, arms, and par. of his back were exposed; and he was seriously hurt, but not maimed. He extricated himself and was raised to the top in a bucket. He re-entered the well in the bucket and tied a rope to Dorsey, and Dorsey was drawn up. Two small portions of the wall caved while Lindsey was in the well, but did not strike him. Lindsey felt weak, and left the well. He (1) The Carnegie Hero Fund Commission was established in 1904. For a list of its award 1904 to January 22, 1919 inclusive, to colored persons and to white persons for efforts to save colored persons, see pages 229-232 of the 1918-1919 edition of the Negro Year Book.

entered it again to find Mapp, but could not locate him and left the well. Another cavein occured later. Mapp was dead when he was found. Lindsey was awarded a bronze medal and $500 for a worthy purpose as needed.

Samuel Davis (colored), aged twenty-five, coal miner, died attempting to save N. Estelle Garnand, aged sixteen, from drowning, Aflex, Ky., July 12, 1920. While wading in Tug Fork of Big Sandy River, Miss Garnand stepped into deep water. She struggled and sank under the surface several times. Davis, who was fully clothed and wore rubber boots, dived from the bank toward the spot where Miss Garnand had last disappeared. He did not come to the surface, and was drowned. Miss Garnand was drowned. A bronze medal was awarded to the widow, and until further notice $50 a month with $5.00 a month additional on account of her daughter, while she is dependent upon her, and not over 16, no benefits to extend, however, beyond sixteen years or the date of the widow's remarriage. George Lyle (colored), aged fifty-four, driver, attempted to rescue Lamar B. Storrs, aged eight, from a runaway, Canton, Pa., April 27, 1920. A horse to which a light wagon was hitched, ran away; and the driver was thrown out, leaving Lamar clinging to the seat. Two men ran into the street to stop the horse; but as it approached them, they did nothing. Lyle ran ninety-five feet to reach the horse, and with both hands seized the bridle. He was jerked off his feet, causing him to lose his hold; one of the wheels of the wagon struck his right leg; and he fell to the ground. The horse ran three hundred feet farther and collided with a team, and Lamar was thrown to the street, but not injured. Lyle's right leg was fractured, and he was disabled for more than a year. He was awarded a bronze medal, and (supplementing Workmen's Compensation) disablement benefit until further notice at the rate of $26 a month from the date of the accident, not to extend, however beyond a total period of two years; and also the sum of $250 to be applied toward the liquidation of his rate of $26 a month from the date of the accident, not to extend, however beyond a total period of two years; and also the sum of $250 to be applied toward the liquidation of his indebtedness or other worthy purpose as needed.

Warren A. Hoy (white), aged thirty-one, machine-man's helper, helped to save Frank Carter (colored), aged thirty-eight, chargeman, and John Payne (colored), aged forty-one machine-man, and died attempting to help save James Jackson (colored), aged forty-three machine-man from suffocation, Rausch Creek, Pa., January 21, 1921. Carter Payne and Jackson were overcome by dynamite fumes about two hundred feet from the mouth of a tunnel in which they were working. Hoy, who had also been working with the men, left the tunnell, but re-entered it on a small motor-car, accompanied by the only other man near the scene. They took Carter to the open air on the motor car and then rescued Payne in the same manner. Both were unconscious. Hoy and his companion then ran the motor car into the tunnel to within a short distance of Jackson, and Hoy's companion dragged Jackson about twenty-five feet toward the motor car. Feeling that he was about to be overcome, Hoy's companion dropped Jackson, left the tunnel, and ran more than a mile for help. Hoy was overcome close to the motor car. He was the only one besides Carter that knew how to run it. Carter, who revived, entered the tunnel and dragged Jackson out. Hoy was taken out by other men about an hour after he had entered, but could not be revived. Jackson and Payne recovered. A silver medal was awarded to the widow and (supplementing Workmen's Compensation until further notice $50 a month with $5 a month additional on account of her daughter while she is dependent upon her, no benefits to extend however, beyond five years of the date of the widow's remarriage.

Peter G. Rumpf, (white), aged forty-nine, compressor-man, helped to save Frank Carter (colored) and John Payne (colored) and attempted to help save James Jackson (colored) from suffocation, Rausch Creek, Pa., January 21, 1921. Rumpf was Hoy's companion in the rescue work. He was not seriously affected. He was awarded a bronze medal and $1,000 for worthy purpose as needed.

Frank Carter (colored) saved James Jackson (colored) from suffocation, Rausch Creek, Pa., January 21, 1921. Carter was the first to be removed from the tunnel. He recovered and entered for Jackson about twenty minutes later. He took hold of Jackson, and with great difficulty dragged him two hundred feet to the open air. He was awarded a bronze medal and $1,000 for a worthy purpose as needed.

Thomas J. Walker (white), aged twenty-four, farmer, saved James Riley (colored), aged nineteen, farmer from suffocation, Alpharetta, Ga., August 13, 1918. Riley was overcome by gas while working at the bottom of a well thirty feet deep. Several men were afraid to go down to aid him. Walker, who had previously been engaged on the work but had discontinued because of gas in the well, was attracted to the well and also refused to go down at first; but seeing no one else would go, he had himself lowered on the well rope, which was the only one at hand. He tied the rope around Riley, and then ascended steps cut in the side of the well. He was faint when he reached the top and was assisted out just as he was about to fall back into the well. Riley was drawn up and was revived three hours later. He was awarded a silver medal and $1,000 for a worthy purpose as needed.

Edgar Forman (white), aged thirty-five, engine foreman, saved Bessie L. Betts (colored), aged eight, from being killed by a train, Dallas, Texas, November 30, 1915. Bessie, who was deaf, stood between the rails of a track with her back toward a train which was approaching at a speed of six miles an hour. The engine, which was at the rear of the train, was stopped; but the forward car was uncoupled and continued on. Forman was standing on the car, a flat one; he attempted to jump to the track when the car was six feet from the girl to rescue her; but his foot caught on a coupling-lever; and he fell across a rail of the track. When falling his outstretched hand struck Bessie and knocked her off the track. Forman put his hand against the wheel of the car, and the wheel bumped and pushed him along the rail for twenty feet, and the car then stopped. Forman's back and side were bruised, but not seriously. He was awarded a bronze medal and $1,000 for a worthy purpose as needed.

Roy Kenneth Davis (white), age fourteen, school boy, died attempting to save James Alexander (colored), aged thirteen, school boy, from drowning, Louisville, Ky., September 4, 1919. James had waded from the bank of the Ohio River into water over his depth and began floundering. Roy, who could not swim, waded eight feet from the bank and paddled seven feet to James, using water-wings. He grasped James with one hand, and James threw his arms around Roy's neck and they went under the surface. They rose struggling

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violently, and they went down again and were drowned. A bronze medal was awarded

to Davis' father.

John James Sullivan (white), aged thirty-three, driver, died attempting to save Charles R. and John H. King (colored), aged seven and six respectively, from drowning, Indianapolis, Ind., March 2, 1920. Charles and John broke through the ice on Fall Creek one hundred and twenty-five feet from the bank and fell into the water. Sullivan ran eight hundred feet to the bank, and started walking on the ice toward them. When he was fifteen feet from the bank, he suddenly broke through the ice and sank. All three were drowned. A bronze medal was awarded to the son, and until further notice $25 a month, not to extend however, beyond eleven years.

Elijah Runnels (colored), aged twenty-one, farm-hand, died attempting to save Onie L. Priddy, aged twenty-two, farmer, from drowning, Ferris, Texas, August 5, 1921. While walking along the bank of the borrow-pit at a levee of the Trinity River, Priddy slipped and fell into the water. His struggles carried him fifty feet from the bank, where the water was nine feet deep. Runnels jumped into the water, fully dressed, and swam to Priddy. He took hold of Priddy's hand and swam with him twenty-five feet toward the bank. Runnels then released his hold, and Priddy immediately seized Runnels. Both sank and were drowned. A bronze medal and $500, as needed, awarded to Runnel's mother.

Charles E. Burr (white), aged twenty-nine, yardmaster, saved an unidentified woman (colored), from being killed by a train, Alliance, Ohio, June 8, 1921. The woman, while waiting for a freight-train to pass on a track in front of her, stopped on a track on which a passenger-train was approaching at a speed of about ten miles an hour. Burr ran about ninety-five feet along the side of the track, and then ran between the rails and siezed the woman's sleeve, but it tore. Burr was carried by his momentum around in front of the woman, and he put his arm around her waist, and lifted and dragged her off the track. Burrs' coat was brushed by the locomotive. He was awarded a bronze medal and $500 for a worthy purpose as needed.

1773.

1776.

1780. 1785. 1788.

1787.

1790.

1790.

1791.

1794.

1796.

THE CHURCH AMONG NEGROES

THE FIRST CHURCHES ORGANIZED.

First Negro Baptist church in America organized at Silver Bluff across
the Savannah River from Augusta, Georgia by a Mr. Palmer.
Harrison Street Baptist church, Petersburg, Virginia, organized.
First African Baptist church, Richmond, Virginia.

Colored Baptist church organized at Williamsburg, Virginia.

First African Baptist church of Savannah, Georgia, organized January 19, by Rev. Abraham Marshall (white) and Rev. Jesse Peters (colored.) Andrew Bryan, a slave, was the first pastor.

The Free African Society organized with Absalom Jones and Richard Allen as overseers. This Society resolved itself into the "African Church," erected a building and by its own decision entered into fellowship with the Protestant Episcopal Church. Absalom Jones and Richard Allen alone voted for the organization to connect itself with the Methodist Church. This was the origin of St. Thomas Episcopal church. The building was opened for divine service July 17, 1794. Richard Allen was selected for license and ordination. He preferred to remain a Methodist. Absalom Jones was then selected and ordained.

Springfield Baptist church at Augusta, Georgia, organized by Rev. Abraham
Marshall. Rev. Jesse Peters, who had gathered the members together,
was the pastor.

African Baptist church, Lexington, Kentucky, organized. In 1820 split
Into First Baptist church and Pleasant Green Baptist church.
Richard Allen purchased a lot for a church at Sixth and Lombard Streets,
Philadelphia. In 1794 he sold this lot to Bethel church, and he erected
on this lot the first church building of the African Methodist Episcopal
Church.
Zion Methodist Episcopal church (colored) organized, Philadelphia, from
St. George's M. E. church (white.)

Jas. Varick and others established in New York City a Colored Methodist Church which was the beginning of the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Denomination. This is the oldest Negro church in New York. The first meetings were held in the cabinet shop of William Miller on Cross Street. DATES OF THE ORGANIZATION OF THE COLORED DENOMINATIONS. 1805. Colored members of Asbury Methodist Episcopal church of Wilmington Delaware, withdrew and erected a building for themselves.

1813.

The Union Church of Africans incorporated September 7, at Wilmington,
Delaware, by the colored members who had withdrawn from Asbury church.

1816. 1821. At New York the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church organized June 21. James Varick was made District Chairman, and the next year became the first bishop of the church.

The African Methodist Episcopal Church organized at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, with Richard Allen as its first bishop.

1836.

1850.

1850.

1860.

1865.

1866.

1869.

1870.

1882. 1896.

1896.

1899.

1900.

1901.

1905.

1715.

The Providence Baptist Association of Ohio organized. This is said to be
the first colored Baptist Association organized in the United States.
In 1838 the Wood River Baptist Association of Illinois was organized.
1853 the Western Colored Baptist Convention organized.
1864 Northwestern and Southern Baptist Convention organized.

1867 the Consolidated American Baptist Convention organized and con-
tinued till 1879 when the Western churches withdrew.

1880 the National Bsptist Convention was organized at Montgomery,
Alabama.

African Union Church organized by a division of the Union Church of
Africans.
The Union American Methodist Episcopal Church (colored) organized by
a division of the Union Church of Africans.

About this time the First Colored Methodist Protestant Church organized
by Negro members who withdrew from the Methodist Protestant Church.
Colored members from the white Primitive Baptist Churches of the South
organized at Columbia, Tennessee, the Colored Primitive Baptists in
America.

The African Union First Colored Methodist Protestant Church of America or elsewhere, organized by a union of the African Union Church with the First Colored Methodist Protestant Church.

At Murfreesboro, Tennessee, in May, the General Assembly of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church set apart its colored members and organized the Colored Cumberland Presbyterian Church.

The General Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, in May, at Memphis, Tennessee, as a step toward setting apart its colored members, appointed a commission to confer with delegates from the colored Methodist Church, and on December 16, 1870, at Jackson, Tennessee, these members were organized into the Colored Methodist Episcopal Church. The Reformed Zion Apostolic Church (colored) was organized.

In 1894 a number of ministers and members of the African Methodist Episcopal Church withdrew from the conferences in South Carolina, and in Georgia, and organized an independent Methodist Church. In 1896 they were organized into the Reformed Methodist Union Episcopal Church (colored.)

The Church of God and Saints of Christ (colored) was organized at Law-
rence, Kansas.

A new denomination, the Church of the Living God (colored) was organ-
ized at Wrightsville, Arkansas. There are now three distinct bodies as
follows: Church of the Living God (Christian workers for friendship);
Church of the Living God (Apostolic); Church of Christ in God.
The Voluntary Missionary Society in America (colored) was organized.
The United American Free-Will Baptist were organized.

July 10. At Redemption, Arkansas, persons who had withdrawn from the
African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church, the Methodist Episcopal Church,
the Colored Methodist Episcopal Church, the African Methodist Episcopal
Church and Baptist Churches, organized the Free Christian Zion Church
in Christ (colored.)

NOTED NEGRO PREACHERS.

Francisco Xanier de Luna Victoria became bishop of the diocese of Panama which the oldest See on the American continent. He was the first Negro in America to become a bishop and is said to be the first person born in the Western Hemisphere to be elected to the bishopric. His father, a charcoal burner, was a freed Negro slave, whose purpose in life was to rear, and educate his son for the priesthood. Luna Victoria took possession of the diocese on the 15th of August, 1751. He is said to have furnished at his own expense, the cathedral and enriched it with jewels and precious vestments. In 1759 he was transferred to the See of Trujillo, Peru.

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