William, William Taylor of California, Bishop of Africa: an autobiography, London, 1897; Tyler, Josiah, Forty Years Among the Zulus, Boston, 1891; Warnshuis, A. L., The Relations of Missions and Governments in Belgian, French and Portuguese Colonies, New York, 1923; Westerman, D. Islam in the Eastern Sudan, International Review of Missions, July, 1913: Idem Islam in the West and Central Sudan, International Review of Missions, October, 1912; Widdicombe, John, Fourteen Years in Basutoland: a sketch of African mission life, London, 1891; Wilkie, A. W., An Attempt to Conserve the work of the Basel Mission to the Gold Coast, International Review of Missions, January, 1920.

VIII. Governments (a) Independent Governments: (1) Abyssinia-Blundell, H. W., The Royal Chronicle of Abyssinia, 1769-1840, with translation and Notes. (Cambridge University Press, 1922); Cooper, M. C., Guardians of the Lion of Judah, Asia, November, 1923; Idem, As In Solomon's Day, Asia, December, 1923; Gleichen, A. E. W., With the Mission of Menelek, London, 1898; Harris, W. C., The Highlands of Aethiopia, London, 1844; Holland, J. T., and Hozier, H., Record of the Exploration of Abyssinia, London, 1870; Krapf, J. L., Travels, Researches, and Missionary Labors During Eighteen Years in Eastern Africa, London, 1860; Labo, Father, A Voyage to Abyssinia (Translated from the French by Samuel Johnson, London, 1735; Parkins, Mansfield, Life in Abyssinia, London, 1868; Rey, C. F. Unconquered Abyssinia: As it is to-day, London, 1923; Škinner, R. P., Abyssinia of Today, London, 1906; Smith, A. Donaldson, Through Unknown African Countries, London, 1897; Wyde, A. B., Modern Abyssinia, 1901. (2) Liberia-Ashmun-Jehudi, History of the American Colony in Liberia 1821-1823, Washington, 1826; Blyden, Edward Wilmot, Liberia past, present and future, Washington, 1869; Innes, William, Liberia, Edinburgh, 1863; Johnston, H. H., Liberia, London, 1906; McPherson, J. H. T., History of Liberia, Baltimore, 1891; Reeve, H. F., The Black Republic; Liberia, its Social and Political Condition Today, London, 1923; Sherwood, H. N., Paul Cuffee and His Contribution to the American Colonization Society, In Vol. VI. Proceedings Mississippi Valley Historical Association; Starr, F., Liberia, History and Problems, Chicago, 1913; Wilkerson, Samuel, History, etc., of the American Colonies in Liberia, Washington, 1839.

(b) Colonial Governments: Almada Negreiros, A., Colonies Portugaises, Angola, Paris, 1901; Almeida Pereira, Carlos, La Guinee Portugaise (subsides pour son etude), Lisbonne, 1914; Annuaire Du Government General De L Afrique Occidentale Francaise. Paris, 1921; Annual Reports of Native Affairs Department, 1910-1924, Capetown; Antonelli, Etienne, L'Afrique et la Paix de Versailles, Paris, 1921; Archer, Francis Bisset, The Gambia Colony and Protec orate, An Official Handbook, London, 1906; Aspe-Fleurimont, La Guinee Francaise, Paris, 1900; Banning, Emile Theodore Joseph Hubert, Le Partage Politique de l' Afrique D'apres les Transactions Internationales les plus Recentes (1885 a 1888), Bruxelles, 1888; Beer, George Louis, African Questions at the Peace Conference, with papers on Egypt, Mesopotamia, and the Colonial Settlement. Edited by Louis Herbert Gray, London, 1924; Bruel, Georges, L'Afrique Equatoriale Francaise-le pays-les Habitants-la Colonisation-les pouvoirs Publics, Paris, 1918; Carvalho Y Vasconcellos, Ernesto Julio De, Guine Portuguesa; Estudo Elementar de Geografia, Fisica, Economica e Politica, Lisboa, 1917; Crandall, A. W. Our Mandate in Togoland, Journal of African Society, July and October, 1922; Dove, Karl, Deutsch-sudwest-Afrika, Berlin, 1903; Faidherbe, Louis Leon Cesar, Le Senegal: la France dans l'Afrique Occidentale, Paris, 1889; Gaffarel, Paul Louis Jacques, Notre Expansion Coloniale en Afrique de 1870 a nos Jours, Paris, 1918; Gibbons, Herbert Adams, The New map of Africa (1900-1916): a history of European colonial expansion and colonial diplomacy, New York, 1917; Harris, John H. Africa, Slave or Free, New York, 1920; Idem, Britain's Negro Problem, Atlantic Monthly, April, 1923; Hooper, H. D., Africa in the Making, London, 1922; Joelson, F., The Tanganyika Territory (formerly German East Africa), characteristics and potentialities, London, 1920; Johnston, H. H., A History of the Colonization of Africa by Alien Races. New edition. Revised and enlarged, London, 1913; Idem, The Opening up of Africa, New York, 1911; Keith, A. B., The Belgian Congo and the Berlin Act, Oxford, 1919; Liebrect, Major C., Congo: Continuation of "My Recollections of Africa." Twenty Years at the Central Administration of the Independent Congo State, 1889-1908, Brussels, 1920; Lucas, C. P. The Partition and Colonization of Africa, Oxford (Eng.), 1922; Lugard, F. J. The Dual Mandate in British Tropical Africa, Edinburgh and London, 1922; Idem, The Rise of Our East African Empire, Edinburgh and London, 1893; Mandate Territories in West Africa, "West Africa,' ," October 4, 1924; Martin, P. F., The Sudan in Evolution: a Study of the Economic, Financial and Administrative Conditions of the AngloEgyptian Sudan, London, 1921; Morel, E. D., Two African Policies, Contemporary Review, Sept., 1923; Reeves, J. S., The International Beginnings of the Congo Free State, Baltimore, 1894. John Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science, 12th ser., XIXII; Ronze, Raymond, La Question d'Afrique: etude sur les Rapports Origines Jusqua la Grande Guerre de 1914, Paris, 1918; Selborne, Earl of, The Native Problem of the West Coast, Journal of the African Society, July, 1922; Sharpe, Alfred, The Backbone of Africa: A Record of Travail During the Great War, with some Suggestions for Administrative Reform, London, 1921; Terrier, Auguste, L'expansion Francaise et la Formation Tarri torials, Paris, 1910; Verlaine, Louis, Contribution a la Recherche de la Methode de Colonisation. Vol. I. La Methode d'Evaluation des Virtualites individuelles et sociales des Negres. Vol. II. La Methode de Colonisation. Bruxelles 1923; Wallis, C. B., The Advance of Our West African Empire, London, 1903; Willoughby, W. C., Race Problems in the New Africa: A Study of the Relation of Bantu and Britons in those parts of Bantu Africa which are under British Control, London, 1923; Woolf, L., Empire and Commerce in Africa, London; Zimmerman, Emil, The German Empire of Central Africa as the Basis of a New German World-policy, Tr. from the original German, London, 1918.

IX The Race Queston -African Continent: A Survey of Ten Years, The International Review of Missions, October, 1924; Baker, A. W., Color Line in South Africa, Mis. R., June, 1913; Blane, W., Labour problem in South Africa, 19th Cent., March, 1914; Croker, H. The South African Race Problem, The Solution of, Segregation, Johannesburg, 1908; Davis, Alexander, the Native Problem in South Africa, London, 1903; Dowson, W. H., South African Race Problems, Contemporary Review, June, 1924; Evans, Maurice S., Black and White in South East Africa, London, 1911; Idem, Studies in the Southern States from a South African Point of View, Durban, 1913; Idem, Black and White in the Southern States, London, 1915; Harris, John H., Africa, Slave or Free, New York, 1920; Hasley, C. W., Native Problems in Eastern Africa, Journal of the African Society, April and July, 1923;

Hayford, Casley, The Truth about the West African Land Question, London, 1913; Idem, Ethiopia Unbound, Studies in Race Emanicipation, London, 1911; Hertslet, Lewis E., The Native Problem, Some of its Points and Phases, London, 1912; Jabavu, D. D. T., Native Unrest in South Africa, The International Review of Missions, April, 1922; Idem, The Black Problem, Lovedale, South Africa, 1921; Idem, The Life of John Tengo Jabavu, Lovedale, South Africa, 1922; Key, A. C., The Strike in the Gold Mines of South Africa, International Labour Review, December, 1922; Khorat, Pierre, France and Her Colour Problem, Atlantic Monthly, March, 1923; Native Question in British East Africa, Contemporary Review, April, 1918; Labour War and Racial War in South Africa, Outlook, January 24, 1914; Loram, C. T., Race Conflict and the Way Out, The South African Quarterly, December, 1921; Mahabane, Z. Ꭱ.. "Colour Bar," Lovedale, South Africa, 1922; Markham, V. R., Racial and Political Issues In South Africa, Edinburgh Review, 240: 243-606, 1924; Morel, E. D., The Black Man's Burden, London, 1920; Native Deputation from South Africa, The African Times and Orient Review, May 26, 1914; Nielsen, Peter, The Black Man's Place in South Africa, Capetown, 1922; Norden, Herman, White and Black in East Africa, London, 1924; Oldham, J. H., Christianity and the Race Problem, London, 1924; Owens, W. E., Unrest in Kenya Colony, The Southern Workman, June, 1924; Phillips, J. E. T., The Tide of Colour, Journal of the African Society, April, and July, 1922; Plaatje, S. T., Native Life in South Africa, Before and Since the European War and the Boer Rebellion, London, 1920; Race Problem in Africa, Negro Year Book for 1914-15, 1916-17, 1918-19; 1921-22; Santos-Pinto, Nicholas, The Portuguese Negro, The Crisis, April, 1922; Stretford, W., Black, Brown and White in South Africa. Contemp. Review, 103: 404-13, March, 1913; Weiner, A., Native Affairs in South Africa, Journal of the African Society, October, 1909; Wilde, M., Schwarz und Weiss im Sudafrika, Berlin, 1913.

POPULATION OF THE EARTH BY RACES (Estimated)

(Black people are natives of Africa, Asia and Pacific Islands. The black or Negro people of the world include true Negroes, those without admixtures of other races, and Negroids, those with admixtures of other races.)

Africa

Continent

Southern Asia (Principally the Dravidians of India)
Pacific Islands (Melanesians, Papuans, and Negritos) -
North America_

South America_

Canada

Number

180,000,000

50,000,000

2,500,000

17,777,000

11,000,000

Total

Proportion of Black Population to White in Western Hemisphere.

261,277,000

Per cent Negro of Total Population

WHERE BLACK MEN GOVERN.

ABYSSINIA.

The empire of Abyssinia, or Ethiopia, is made up of the kingdoms of Tigre and Lasta, in the Northeast; Amhara and Gojam in the West and center; Shoa in the South; and territories and dependencies as far as Kaffa in the South, and Harar in the Southeast. The area is 350,000 square miles. The population is estimated to be 8,000,000.

Consists of Abyssinians, Gallas, Somalis, Negroes, and Falashas, with considerable number of non-natives, Indians, Arabs, Greeks Ar

menians, and a few Europeans. Harar, the largest town has a population of about 50,000. The capital, Adis Ababa, has a population of about forty or fifty thousand.

Abyssinia is a very ancient country. There is much evidence of early intercourse with the Jews. When the first European explorers came into the country they found the inhabitants chanting the psalms of David. Tradition is that here was the kingdom of the queen of Sheba and that the rulers of the country can trace their descent from Menelik, son of King Solomon and the Queen of Sheba.

Christianity was introduced into the country about the middle of the fourth century by Frumentius. The Abyssian Church, while having relations with the Coptic Church, is practically independent. The head of the Church, the "Abuna" (our father), corresponds in a way to the Pope of the Roman Catholic Church. The Roman Catholics and the Protestant denominations have never been permanently successful in their missionary efforts among these Christians. The adherents of the Abyssinian Church number about 3,000,000.

In 1889 Menelik, king of Shoa, became emperor. He died December, 1913, and was succeeded by the son of one of his daughters, Li Yasu, born 1896. September 27, 1916, he was deposed and Waizeru Zaoditou, another daughter of Menelik was made Empress. She was crowned Feb. 11, 1917. An agreement was signed December 13, 1906, whereby Great Britain, France and Italy undertook to respect and endeavor to preserve the integrity of Abyssinia. Neither power is to be granted an industrial concession that will work an injury to the other two powers. They are to abstain from intervention in Abyssinian internal affairs, to concert together for the safeguarding of their respective interests in territories bordering on Abyssinia, to make agreements concerning railroad construction in Abyssinia. Another convention of the same date provides for the prohibition or regulation of the importation of arms and ammunition into Abyssinia.

On September 28, 1923, Abyssinia was formally admitted to membership in the League of Nations, with an agreement that she would abolish slavery.

LIBERIA.

Liberia owes its origin to the efforts of the American Colonization Society of America, which was organized December 16, 1817, to settle free Negroes in Africa. In 1820 an unsuccessful attempt was made to locate the colony. In 1821 the attempt succeeded. In spite of many difficulties, dissensions and discouragements, the colony was enlarged and firmly established. On July 26, 1847, the State was constituted as the Free and Independent Republic of Liberia. The colony then became more prosperous, churches and schools were established, a postal system was introduced, newspapers were established, and slavery was abolished in the neighboring native States.

The total area is about 40,000 square miles. The coast line of about 350 miles extends from the British colony of Sierra Leone on the west to the French colony of Ivory coast on the east. The greatest width is about 200 miles. The total population is estimated at 1,500,000 to 2,000,000. The number of AmericoLiberians, according to the latest estimate, is about 12,000. About 50,000 of the Coast Negroes, including the Liberians proper, may be considered civilized. There is a British Negro colony of about 500 and about 160 Europeans. Monrovia, the capital, has including Krutown, an estimated population of about 6,000.

The executive power is vested in a president, a vice-president, and a cabinet of six ministers, and the legislative power in Congress consisting of a Senate and a House of Representatives. Formerly the President and the House of Representatives were elected for four years and the Senate for two years. In 1907 an amendment to the Constitution extended these terms to four and six years, respectively. The President

must be thirty-five years of age and have real estate property to the value of $600. Voters must be of Negro blood and be owners of real estate. But few natives avail themselves of the suffrage. Foreigners cannot own land without the consent of the Government. C. D. B. King now holds the office of President.

In 1909, at the request of Liberia, the United States Government sent three Commissioners to Liberia to report upon boundary disputes between that country and Great Britain and France, and to inquire thoroughly into the nation's conditions and needs and to make suitable suggestions for adjustment and improvement. The commissioners were Roland P. Falkner, of the Immigration Committee of the United States Senate; George Sale, Superintendent of Education for the American Baptist Home Mission Society, and Emmett J. Scott, Secretary of Tuskegee Institute. The Commission made to Congress an exhaustive report of the boundary troubles and the general condition of the country.

In 1910 the United States Government expressed to the other powers its willingness to assist Liberia by taking charge of her finances, military organization, and boundary questions. The details of the scheme were approved in October, 1911, by the United States, Great Britain, France, and Germany. An international loan of about $1,700,000 secured by the Customs, Rubber Tax, and Native Head Tax was made. Until the world war it was administered by an American controller and British, French, and German subcontrollers. The American controller acts as financial advisor for the Government. For the security of the revenue a frontier police force sufficient for maintaining peace in Liberia was established. Liberia was one of the allied nations in the world war. By the terms of the peace treaty Germany renounced all claims against Liberia. In September 1921, the United States arranged to loan Liberia $5,000,000 to assist in rehabilitating her finances which had almost been ruined by the war and the cessation of trade. Congress, however failed to approve the loan and it has not been made.

HAITI.

Haiti was discovered by Columbus in 1492. In 1501, or earlier, Negro slaves were introduced into the Island ceded to France.

The area of the Republic, which embraces the western portion of the island of Haiti is estimated at 10,204 square miles. The population estimated to be 2,500,500 is mainly Negroes. There are also, large numbers of mulatto Haitians, the descendants of the former French settlers. There are some 5,000 foreigners, of whom about 10 per cent are white. The populations of the principal cities are Port-au-Prince, the capital, 100,000; Cape Haiti, 30,000; Les Cayes, 12,000; Gonaives, 13,000; Port de Paix, 10,000. The language of the country is French. Most of the common people speak a debased dialect known as Creole French.

TOUSSAINT L'OUVERTURE.

Francois Dominique Toussaint, called L'Ouverture; soldier, states man and liberator of Haiti, born 1743 near Cape Francois, Haiti, died April 27, 1803, in the Chateau Joux, near Besancon, France. Toussaint was one of the leaders of the insurrection of slaves in 1791. In 1796 he was made commander-in-chief of all the French forces in the Island. In 1799 he became the leader of the blacks against the mulattoes and in 1801 the whole island had come under his control.

He was a full-blooded Negro. He claimed to be descended from an African chief and that his father, a slave in Haiti, was the chief's second son. His surname at first was Breda. Afterwards it was changed to L'Ouverture because of his bravery in opening a gap in the enemies' ranks. As a child, he manifested unusual ability and succeeded in obtaining a good education. He had the con

fidence of his master and was made overseer of the plantation. In the uprising of 1791 he won a prominent place among leaders of the insurrection. After the proclamation of freedom of 1793, Toussaint came over to the side of the French Republic and became the recognized leader of his race. In 1797, as commander-in-chief of the French forces on the island, he distinguished himself by compelling the surrender of the English who had invaded the island. In 1799 in the civil war between the blacks under Toussaint and the mulattoes under General Andre Rigaud, he crushed his opponent, and made himself master of the island. After 1801, under his rule, the island's prosperity revived. A constitution naming Toussaint president for life, was drawn up and submitted to Napoleon, who saw in this a move toward independence, and determined to put down Toussaint. Napoleon proclaimed the re-establishment of slavery in the island. Toussaint replied by a declaration of independence in July, 1801. Napoleon sent General Leclerc with 30,000 men to subdue the island. Leclerc resorted to treachery, and by fair promises Toussaint was induced to submit. He was then treacherously arrested and carried to France. There he was imprisoned without trial and died from cruelty and neglect. When the news of Toussaint's death reached Haiti the Negroes, aroused to fury by the treachery, renewed the war, and the same year that Toussaint died drove out the French.

Island was declared independent in 1804 and France recognized the independence of Haiti in 1825.

The constitution first adopted in 1805, and remodeled in 1889, provides that the president be elected for seven years by the senate and chamber of communes in joint session. His cabinet of four members is nominated by himself.

The communes consist of ninety-five members, elected directly by the people for three years. The senate has thirty-nine members. They are chosen by the chamber of communes for six years from lists, one submitted by the President and one by the electors. The country is divided into five departments. The laws of the Republic are based on the Code Napoleon, and the form of legal procedure is the same as in France. Foreigners, and particularly white foreigners, are prohibited from owning real estate, and otherwise are discriminated against. REFERENCES TO HAITI-Jordan.-Geschichte der Insel Haiti, Leipzig, 1846 Saint Amaud,-Historie des Revolutions d' Haiti, Paris, 1859; Prandin, Linstant,-Recueil, General, des Lois et Acts du Gouvernment d' Haiti, Paris, 1851-1865; Hazard, Samuel,-Santo Domingo, Past and Present, London, 1873; St. John, Sir Spencer,-Haiti or the Black Republic, London, 1889; Marcelin,-Haiti, etudes, economiques, sociales, et politiques Paris, 1893; Pritchard, H.,- -Where Black Rules the White, London, 1900. Toussain L'Ouverture's Own Memoirs, with Life by Saint Remey, Paris, 1850; The Life of Toussain L'Ouverture, John R. Beard, London, 1853; Toussaint L'Ouverture, a Biography and Autobiography, published by James Redpath, Boston, 1863; Scholcher, Vie de Toussaint L'Ouverture, Paris, 1889; Perry, R. L., La Situation Actuelle en Haiti, New York, 1913; Steward, T. G., The Haitian Revolution, New York, 1914. Haiti-Its Dawn of Progress, J. D. Kuser, Boston, 1921.

SANTO DOMINGO.

Until 1844 Santo Domingo was a part of Haiti. In February of that year the eastern part of the Island proclaimed its independence of the Republic of Haiti. This same year a Constitution was adopted. It has since been remodeled a number of times. The president is elected for four years. The National Congress consists of a Senate of twelve senators and a Chamber of Deputies of twenty-four members. The term is four years. The President is chosen by an electoral college for a term of six years.

The area of Santo Domingo is estimated to be over 19,000 square miles and the population in 1921 was 894,587. The population is mainly composed of Creoles of pure Spanish descent, and mixed race of Europeans, Africans and Indians. There are also many Turks and Syrians, especially in Santo Domingo City where the dry goods trade is almost exclusively in their hands. The populations of the principal cities are: Santo Domingo, the capital, 22,000; Santiago, 12,000; Puerto Plata, about 10,000.

REFERENCES TO SANTO DOMINGO.-Bulletin 52, Bureau of American Republics, -Washington, 1892; Tejado, y Monte,-Historia de Santa Domingo, Havana, 1853; Garcia, J. G.,-Compendio de la Historia de Santa Domingo, Santo Domingo, 1789; Leal, F. A. -La Republique Domicaine, Paris, 1888.