college became Vice-President, and accordingly Jefferson the Republican, was second in rank to Adams the Federalist.

"Republican simplicity" was not known during the reign of Washington. He was himself a person of formality, and adhered with minuteness to the rules of etiquette in his associations with others. His "levees were ceremonious and solemn. His coach in which he appeared in the streets of New York, was light yellow, built in the shape of a hemisphere, adorned with cupids, festoons, flowers, and fruits, and was drawn by six cream-colored horses. Coachmen and postillions in livery of scarlet and white, added to the ostentation of the establishment.*

During his administration Washington made several tours to different sections of the country, with a view of knitting the parts of the Union more closely together. Thus, in 1789, he visited New England,† (excepting Rhode Island) travelling as far as Portsmouth, and meeting spontaneous and hearty enthusiasm everywhere. Processions, banners, arches, feasts, were encountered on every hand. The next

*This style of equipage was not unusual in different portions of the United States. Even private citizens of wealth often sported their coaches with four horses, and used liveries, and it was usual for public persons to assume much elaborate pomposity.

†The feeling that the State was superior to the Federal Union, interrupted the cordial relations between Washington and Governor Hancock. The Governor refused to meet the President on his entrance to Boston, expecting him to pay his respects to the chief magistrate at the official residence, and to dine with him. This Washington refused to do, and the Governor succumbed, offering a lame apology. Governor Langdon of New Hampshire acted in a different manner, meeting the President at the State line, and escorting him to the Capitol, then Portsmouth.

WASHINGTON'S PROGRESSES.

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year Rhode Island had entered the Union, and the President made a visit to the State. In 1791, he went through the Southern States, going as far as Savannah, and returning by way of Augusta, Columbia, and towns in North Carolina and Virginia.

It has been said that Washington desired to have

the President bear the title "high mightiness," which was used in the United Netherlands; but be that as it may, it is certain that the etiquette of his life gave him much trouble, which was settled by his commit

ting such matters to Colonel Humphreys, formerly one of his aids, and General Knox, who was much at the Presidential mansion. Jefferson, who was not an impartial observer, thought the former was captivated by the ceremonials of European courts, and the latter "a man of parade." In addition, Washington propounded a series of questions to the able men about him, such as Adams, Hamilton, Jay and Madison. The influence of the advice of Adams may be seen in the stateliness adopted, for he considered that “the office by its legal authority defined in the Constitution, hath no equal in the world excepting those only which are held by crowned. heads; nor is the royal authority in all cases to be compared with it." He adds, "If the state and pomp essential to this great department are not in a good degree preserved, it will be in vain for America to hope for consideration with foreign powers." Hamilton was careful to say that though the Presidential dignity should be insured, he believed it would be. satisfactory to the people to know that there "is some body of men in the State who have a right of continual communication with the President." He would have confined this right to the heads of departments and members of the Senate.

Mr. Samuel Breck in his Recollections gives a glimpse into the state of social affairs in Philadelphia at this time. He began to live there in the autumn of 1792, and says, "The city was all alive, and a round of entertainment was kept up by the following families: Robert Morris, William Bingham, John Ross, Henry Hill, Thomas Moore, Walter Stewart, Governor Thomas Mifflin, ex-Governor John

Penn, Samuel Powel, Benjamin Chew, Phineas Bond, Thomas Ketland, Pierce Butler, Langton Smith, General Knox, Samuel Breck, Alexander Hamilton, etc. Besides these, General Washington, who was President of the United States, and John Adams, who was Vice-President, saw a great deal of company. Philadelphia contained then about fifty thousand inhabitants, and a much larger society of elegant and fashionable and stylish people than at the present day (January, 1842), with its two hundred and seventy thousand souls in city and country. There was more attention paid then to the dress of servants and general appearance of equipages. Dinners were got up in elegance and good taste. Besides Bingham,* and Morris, and the President, who had French cooks, as well as most of the foreign ministers, there was a most admirable artist by the name of Marinot, who supplied the tables of private gentlemen when they entertained, with all that the most refined gourmands could desire. .

General Washington had a stud of twelve or fourteen horses, and occasionally rode out with six horses to his coach, and always two footmen behind his carriage. He knew how to maintain the dignity of his station. None of his successors, except the elder Adams, has set a proper value on a certain. degree of display that seems suitable for the chief magistrate of a great nation. I do not pageantry, but the decent exterior of a well-bred gentleman."

mean

*Breck, whose foreign education and personal tastes caused him to lay much stress upon "style," and the ability of one's cook, states that Mr. Bingham "lived in the most showy style of any American."

CHAPTER XVIII.

FEDERALIST AND REPUBLICAN.

ΤΗ

HE twelve years that followed the administration of the first President were years of bitter party strife. The chief magistrate at first was John Adams, the Federalist, and then for two terms, Thomas Jefferson, the anti-Federalist, or Republican. During this period, the states of Europe were in a condition of ferment, and it seemed as if the people of the United States were more interested in foreign affairs than in those matters which belonged to the growth and progress of their own Commonwealth, and the status of our statesmen, or perhaps, more properly, politicians, was determined more by their stand in regard to European affairs than by their views of home matters.

The first foreign embarrassment came from France, where the Directory, (no less than the members of the "French party" at home,) were complaining of the moderate treaty effected by Jay with England, as though it were an evidence of too great sympathy with that country. A minister sent out by Washington, Charles C. Pinckney, had been refused an audi. ence at Paris, and ordered to leave French territory, in February, 1797, and when Congress, convened in extra session by President Adams in May of the same year, sent out Pinckney, Marshall, and Gerry, with