1604. TERMINATION OF THE SIEGE. 217 settle in the foul Golgotha. The original population left the place in mass. No human creatures were left save the wife of a freebooter and her paramour, a journeyman blacksmith.“ This unsavoury couple, to whom entrance into the purer atmosphere of Zeeland was denied, thenceforth shared with the carrion crows the amenities of Ostend. 11 Fleming, 580. CHAPTER XLIV. Equation between the contending powers-Treaty of peace between King James and the archdukes and the King of Spain-Position of the Provinces -States envoy in England to be styled ambassador - Protest of the Spanish ambassador-Effect of James's peace-treaty on the people of England - Public rejoicings for the victory of Sluys-Spinola appointed commander-in-chief of the Spanish forces-Preparations for a campaign against the States- -Seizure of Dutch cruisers - International discord— Destruction of Sarmiento's fleet by Admiral Haultain - Projected enterprise against Antwerp - Descent of Spinola on the Netherland frontierOldenzaal and Lingen taken Movements of Prince Maurice - Encounter of the two armies - Panic of the Netherlanders - Consequent loss and disgrace - Wachtendonk and Cracow taken by Spinola - Spinola's reception in Spain - Effect of his victories - Results of the struggle between Freedom and Absolutism - Affairs in the East- Amboyna taken by Van der Hagen Contest for possession of the Clove Islands Commercial treaty between the States and the King of Ternate-Hostilities between the Kings of Ternate and Tydor - Expulsion of the Portuguese from the Moluccas - Du Terrail's attempted assault on Bergen-op-Zoom - Attack on the Dunkirk pirate fleet - Practice of executing prisoners captured at sea. I HAVE invited the reader's attention to the details of this famous siege because it was not an episode, but almost the sum total, of the great war during the period occupied by its events. The equation between the contending forces indicated the necessity of peace. That equation seemed for the time to have established itself over all Europe. France had long since withdrawn from the actual strife, and kept its idle thunders in a concealed although ever threatening hand. In the East the Pacha of Buda had become Pacha of Pest.1 Even Gran was soon to fall before the Turk, whose advancing horse-tails might thus almost be descried from the walls of Vienna.2 Stephen Botschkay meanwhile had made himself master of Transylvania, concluded peace with Ahmet, 1604. KING JAMES'S TREATY WITH SPAIN. 219 and laughed at the Emperor Rudolph for denouncing him as a rebel.3 Between Spain and England a far different result had been reached than the one foreshadowed in the portentous colloquies between King James and Maximilian de Bethune. Those conferences have been purposely described with some minuteness, in order that the difference often existing between vast projects and diametrically opposed and very nsignificant conclusions might once more be exhibited. In the summer of 1603 it had been firmly but mysteriously arranged between the monarchs of France and Great Britain that the House of Austria should be crushed, its territories parcelled out at the discretion of those two potentates, the imperial crown taken from the Habsburgs, the Spaniards driven out of the Netherlands, an alliance offensive and defensive made with the Dutch republic, while the East and West Indies were to be wrested by main force of the allies, from Spain, whose subjects were thenceforth to be for ever excluded from those lucrative regions. As for the Jesuits, who were to James as loathsome as were the Puritans to Elizabeth, the British sovereign had implored the ambassador of his royal brother, almost with tears, never to allow that pestilential brood to regain an entrance into his dominions.1 In the summer of 1604 King James made a treaty of peace and amity with the archdukes and with the monarch of Spain, thus extending his friendly relations with the doomed house of Austria. The republic of the Netherlands was left to fight her battles alone; her imaginary allies looking down upon the struggle with benevolent indifference. As for the Indies, not a syllable of allusion in the treaty was permitted by Spain to that sacred subject; the ambassador informing the British Government that he gave them access to twelve kingdoms and two seas, while Spain acquired by the treaty access only to two kingdoms and one sea. The new world, however, east or west, from the Antilles to the Moluccas, was the pri3 Meteren, 502o. 4 Sully, v. 18. 5 Meteren, 500. vate and indefeasible property of his Catholic Majesty. On religious matters, it was agreed that English residents in Spain should not be compelled to go to mass, but that they should kneel in the street to the Host unless they could get out of the way. In regard to the Netherlands, it was agreed by the two contracting powers that one should never assist the rebels or enemies of the other. With regard to the cities and fortresses of Brill, Flushing, Rammekens, and other cautionary places, where English garrisons were maintained, and which King James was bound according to the contracts of Queen Elizabeth never to restore except to those who had pledged them to the English crown-the king would uphold those contracts. He would, however, endeavour to make an arrangement with the States by which they should agree within a certain period to make their peace with Spain. Should they refuse or fail, he would then consider himself liberated from these previous engagements and free to act concerning those cities in an honourable and reasonable manner, as became a friendly king. Meantime the garrisons should not in any way assist the Hollanders in their hostilities with Spain. English subjects were forbidden to carry into Spain or the obedient Netherlands any property or merchandize belonging to the Hollanders, or to make use of Dutch vessels in their trade with Spain. 10 Both parties agreed to do their best to bring about a pacification in the Netherlands. No irony certainly could be more exquisite than this lastnamed article. This was the end of that magnificent conception, the great Anglo-French League against the house of Austria. King James would combine his efforts with King Philip to pacify the Netherlands. The wolf and the watchdog would unite to bring back the erring flock to the fold. Meantime James would keep the cautionary towns in his clutches, not permitting their garrisons or any of his subjects to assist the rebels on sea or shore. As for the Jesuits, their 6 Treaty in Meteren, ubi sup. Compare Grotius, xiii. 647, 648. 7 Article vii. of Treaty. 8 Article viii. 9 Article xii. 10 Article xviii. 1604. STATE OF THE PROVINCES. 221 triumphant re-appearance in France, and the demolition of the pyramid raised to their dishonour on the site of the house where John Castel, who had stabbed Henry IV., had resided, were events about to mark the opening year." Plainly enough Secretary Cecil had out-generalled the French party. The secret treaty of Hampton Court, the result of the efforts of Rosny and Olden-Barneveld in July of the previous year, was not likely to be of much service in protecting the republic. James meant to let the dead treaties bury their dead, to live in peace with all the world, and to marry his sons and daughters to Spanish Infantes and Infantas. Meantime, although he had sheathed the sword which Elizabeth had drawn against the common enemy, and had no idea of fighting or spending money for the States, he was willing that their diplomatic agent should be called ambassador. The faithful and much experienced Noel de Caron coveted that distinction, and moved thereby the spleen of Henry's envoy at the Hague, Buzanval, who probably would not have objected to the title himself. ""Twill be a folly," he said, "for him to present himself on the pavement as a prancing steed, and then be treated like a poor hack. He has been too long employed to put himself in such a plight. But there are lunatics everywhere and of all ages. 12 Never had the Advocate seemed so much discouraged. Ostend had fallen, and the defection of the British sovereign was an off-set for the conquest of Sluys. He was more urgent with the French Government for assistance than he had ever been before. "A million florins a year from France," he said, "joined to two millions raised in the provinces, would enable them to carry on the war. The ship was in good condition," he added, "and fit for a long navigation without danger of shipwreck if there were only biscuit enough on board. 13 Otherwise she was lost. Before that time came he should quit the helm which he had been holding the more 11 Meteren, 502. 12 Buzanval to Villeroy, in Deventer, iii. 1-9. At the same epoch the French king asked Aerssens if he too was to have the rank of ambassador. That |