Theatre, which was one of the largest in Asia Minor, 495 feet in diameter, and capable of seating 24,500 persons. At the eastern entrance he came upon a series of sculptured decrees, relating to an endowment of the temple by C. Vibius Salutarius, a wealthy Roman, about the year A. D. 104. The gold and silver statues of the goddess were ordered to be carried from the temple to the theatre by the priests, who were to be met at the Magnesian Gate by the ephebi, or young men of the city, and afterward to be escorted by the same, on their return, as far as the Coressian Gate.

By the close of the year 1867, Mr. Wood succeeded in discovering both the gates, probably (he gives us no details) by examining the remains of the ancient city-wall, which was seven miles in circuit, ten feet in thickness, and studded with massive square towers, one hundred feet apart. Having cleared a wide space in front of the Magnesian Gate down to the ancient pavement, he found a bifurcation of the roads, one, with slight marks of travel, turning off in the direction of the ruins of Magnesia, while the other, worn into deep ruts by the wheels of chariots, diverged northward, following the foot of Mount Coressus toward the Coressian Gate. The latter road was thirty-five feet in width, and paved with immense blocks of marble and limestone; there could be no doubt that it was the ancient way to the temple. Its grade descended at first, which corresponded with old accounts; and, finally, after pushing the excavation 500 yards from the gate, the stone piers of the stoa of Damianus, mentioned by Philostratus, made their appearance.

This discovery, fortunately, overcame the skepticism of the trustees of the British Museum, who were on the point of discontinuing the small allowances they had made. A larger sum was granted, and the work was vigorously pushed forward. The “stadium” of Philostratus, however, lengthened into several stadia, and still there was no trace of the temple. Turning to Pausanias, Mr. Wood remarked that he speaks of the sepulchre of Androclus, on the way from the temple to the Magnesian Gate, and in February, 1869, at a distance of half a mile from the latter point, the explorer came upon a plinth of white-marble blocks, forty-two feet square, with several courses of masonry upon it. He pressed onward impatiently, sinking pits in advance, and thus

following the road without wholly excavating it, finding sarcophagi of sculptured marble and many other remains which indicated beyond question that this was the via sacra of Ephesus. His funds were nearly exhausted, the season was closing, and the ancient road led directly toward the modern Turkish village of Ayasalouk, where digging would be attended with great difficulties. The prize seemed to vanish as he was on the point of grasping it; but one last experiment suggested itself to his mind. Following the direction of the ancient road with his eye, he determined to dig a trench at a point half a mile farther on, where there were some old olive-trees and modern boundary-walls. In a few days the workmen struck upon a thick wall, built of large blocks of stone and marble. A second trench, located by a fortunate conjecture, revealed an angle of this wall, near which were inserted two large blocks, with duplicate inscriptions in Latin and Greek, of the time of Augustus, and showing clearly that Mr. Wood had discovered the peribolus, or wall of inclosure of the sacred precinct of the temple. Thus the final success was assured in May, 1869, just six years from the beginning of the work.

The last remittance received from England was accompanied by the declaration that it would veritably be the last unless something important should be discovered; but now a generous appropriation was made, and work was resumed as usual in the autumn. How narrowly Mr. Wood had escaped failure was evident when further research showed that he had struck the peribolus at its extreme southern angle, not suspecting the curve of the ancient road to the northward. The inclosure, in fact, was so spacious that, on the side next to the village of Ayasalouk, it is fully half a mile in length. After tracing the wall for 1,600 feet, therefore, Mr. Wood adopted the plan of sinking a great number of experimental holes, in the hope of striking the site of the temple. He discovered a great deal of Roman architecture, the houses of the priests, mosaic pavements, and pieces of sculpture, of slight artistic value. On the last day of the year 1869, one of the workmen came upon a massive pavement of white marble at a depth of nearly twenty feet below the surface. An examination the next morning proved that the masonry was Greek, and Diana of the Ephesians gave her sanctuary

as a New-Year's offering to the persistent faith of the English explorer. The work during the remainder of the season yielded only two fragments of sculptured drums of columns (not then recognized as such), and the foundation-pier of one of the columns of the peristyle.

On December 1, 1870, the character of the discovery was indisputably settled. The base of a column was found in situ, together with the plinth of another column, which belonged to one of the more ancient temples on the same site. The latter, built about 500 в. c., was probably that burned by Erostratus (356 B. C.), which was replaced by the probably far more imposing structure of the architect Deinocrates. Mr. Wood satisfied himself that there have been three different temples on the spot, substantially upon the same foundations, but of varying architectural design. During the winter he was able to ascertain the direction of the lines of the structure, with the intercolumnar spaces, and thereby to calculate both the amount of the necessary excavation and the proper disposition of the débris.

It was worth much labor to ascertain the exact site of an edifice so renowned in classic and early Christian times; but it was a great achievement to recover architectural fragments sufficient for the reconstruction of the plan of the temple, as it stood up to the time of its ruin by the Goths about the year 262 A. D. Mr. Wood has thoroughly verified the ancient accounts of its imposing character. It stood upon a platform of masonry, measuring 418 by 239 feet, with a height of nine and a half feet, scaled by fourteen steps. The temple itself was 3421 by nearly 164 feet in dimensions, octastyle, having eight columns in front, and dipteral, having a double row of columns surrounding the cella. These columns were, exactly as Pliny describes them, one hundred in number, twenty-seven of which were the gifts of kings. They were six feet in diameter at the base, and, according to the proportions of the improved Ionic order, must have been about fifty-six feet in height. Pliny states that thirty-six of these columns were celatæ, or sculptured, and the double row of eight at each end, with the two included within the projections of the cella, would give precisely that number. The entire height of the temple, from the base to the apex of the pediment, must have been between eighty-five and ninety

feet. The cella of the temple was nearly seventy feet wide, and the central portion of it appears to have been hypothral, or open to the sky. Mr. Wood discovered the place of the altar, behind which undoubtedly stood that statue of the many-breasted Artemis a copy of which (as is evident from coins and medals) was found in the villa of Hadrian, and is now in the Museum of the Vatican. An architectural imagination may easily rebuild the entire structure, and set its phantom splendor on the exhumed foundation.

No theory has been changed, nor any new question raised, by Mr. Wood's success. He has worked upon purely historical ground, and the ancient authorities are his best witnesses. No one has disputed the solid marble evidence which he has brought to light; and the main lesson to be drawn from his labor is that complete destruction is a more difficult task than has heretofore been supposed that the simple processes of Nature almost invariably hide some fragment of that which war or fanaticism would annihilate, and protect it for the believing explorer who may come two or three thousand years afterward. The only possible contribution to a more ancient period of art which Mr. Wood may have furnished is found in some fragments of sculpture, which Mr. Newton considers archaic, excavated near the lowest step of the temple. Their resemblance to some of the objects found by General di Cesnola in Cyprus is noticed by the distinguished archeologist, but a more careful examination and comparison are necessary before their character can be approximately determined.

General di Cesnola, who fought gallantly for the Union during our civil war, and was appointed consul to Cyprus during the last days of President Lincoln's life, reached his post at Larnaca, the ancient Citium, on Christmas-day, 1865. His first attempts at research were of an amateur character, in the immediate neighborhood of the place, and only gradually became earnest and laborious, through the stimulus given by an occasional discovery, such as the site of a small temple to Demeter Paralia, a large Phoenician sarcophagus of white marble, and some terra-cotta vases and statuettes, showing a singular mixture of Egyptian, Assyrian, and Greek designs. In fact, a great part of his later success must be attributed to the circumstance of his

long residence upon the island, as contrasted with the hasty and superficial examinations of M. de Vogué. The archæologist must needs learn his trade, like any other craftsman; his eye can only be gradually trained to detect the peculiarities of locality, surface, and soil, without consulting which his labor is mere guess-work. Nevertheless, General di Cesnola's first great discovery was partly due to his having selected Dali, the ancient Idalium, as a summer residence for his family. The village is about fifteen miles from Larnaca, among the hills bordering the great central valley of the island, between its two parallel mountain-chains. Living quietly there, in a little country-house, and making acquaintance with the native inhabitants, he was able to survey the ground deliberately, and fix upon the probable site of the ancient necropolis. He then obtained the necessary firman from the Porte, leased the ground on satisfactory conditions, went systematically to work, and in the course of three or four years explored no less than 15,000 tombs.*

The site of Golgos, a few miles east of Idalium, was the scene of General di Cesnola's next great triumph. He had made a slight preliminary examination there in the summer of 1867, finding nothing but the foundations of some stone dwellings. Repeating the attempt early in 1870, he was rewarded by the

The remains which came piecemeal to light were of the most interesting character. Many of the tombs, having been simply excavated in the earth, had fallen in, and quite destroyed their contents; others had evidently been despoiled many centuries ago; but a very large number still remained intact, and were filled with fine earth, which had percolated through the porous soil. The vases and other mortuary objects were thus preserved in all their freshness, and came forth to the light of day with no color faded, not even a knife-scratch eroded. At first, the objects found were all of the early Phoenician period; then, quite unexpectedly, a later Greek necropolis made its appearance above the former, the tombs yielding the rarest treasures of iridescent glass, gold ear-rings, bracelets and thin diadems, and terra-cotta lamps. The Phoenician tombs, farther under these, were in much better preservation; human bones, and even perfect skulls, were found in them, together with weapons, bowls, and ornaments of copper and bronze. In a great collection which Cesnola thus acquired, there are curious vases in the form of animals, among which the cow's-head, upon which Dr. Schliemann lays so much stress at Mycenæ, occurs very frequently. No statue, or indication of a temple, was discovered; but the pottery proved to be richer in historic suggestion than any architecture. The most of it was thoroughly archaic in form as well as ornamentation, the latter generally showing an undoubted Assyrian character, while some objects were wholly Egyptian. Thus is opened a special field of research, abounding in questions which will not easily be settled.