print for the editors of the journal openly countenancing and upholdentitled the Courrier Français, ing the citizens in their plans of and that all agreements lawfully acting in open defiance of the made should be carried into royal authority, and thus commueffect, it is in vain that M. Gaul- nicating the character of full and tier Laguionie would avoid a com- perfect legality even to violence, pliance with his engagements, on if it should be committed in selfthe ground of a notice from the defence against any violence on Prefect of Police, enjoining on the part of the Crown. In fine, him obedience to the Ordinance the tribunals had declared that a of the 25th, which Ordinance be- revolution would be lawful. ing contrary to the Charter could Reverting, then, to the mornnot be obligatory, either upon the ing of Tuesday, we find the Temps, sacred and inviolable person of the Figaro, and the National apthe King, or upon the citizens pearing without a license. The whose rights it attacks:-Con- National and the Temps, espesidering farther that, according to cially, by means of well devised the forms of the Charter, ordinan- secret arrangements, were printed ces can only be issued for the and published in spite of the vigipurpose of executing and main- lance of the Police. They were taining the laws, and that the issued gratuitously at their respecabove Ordinance on the contrary tive offices, and in the same way would have the effect of violating distributed in various quarters of the provisions of the law of July the city. The conductors of 28th, 1828-the Tribunal or- these two papers, who had been dains and decrees that the agree- distinguished for their zeal and ment between the parties shall be courage, professed a determination carried into effect, and conse- to defend themselves and their quently condemns par corps Gaul- premises by force, if any violence tier Laguiouie to print the Cour- should be offered by the agents of rier Français within twentyfour the Government. Crowds of hours, and in case of his failure so people thronged their doors, to to do reserves the right of the edi- whom they threw out their pator to sue for damages,' &c. - pers, with injunctions to every individual to take up arms in defence of his country. Young men ran through the gardens, distributing the National or the Temps to the eager multitude around, who formed into groups These decisions of the courts upon the Ordinance complete the singular picture of illegality presented by the operations of the infatuated King. The decisions, which we have given an account to hear read aloud the ardent apof, embrace the whole question at peals to their patriotism contained issue; for the ground, on which in those free-spirited journals. In one of the Ordinances is pro- this way, information concerning nounced unconstitutional, applies the Ordinances, and the views of equally to each of the other. the liberal party thereon, came to Here therefore we have the be much more universally circucourts of justice directly and lated on Tuesday than it had been the day before; for that, which had been previously known only to particular classes of persons, was now thoroughly understood by all Paris. Out of these bold proceedings of the editors of the National and the Temps grew the first occasion for resort to actual force. Several hours elapsed after the distribution of their papers, before the Ministers decided what steps to take. At length about noon a commissary of Police with a strong force of gendarmes, mounted and on foot, attacked the office of the National in the Rue Saint Marc. They demanded admission, but were refused, while copies of the journal were thrown out of the windows, and distributed before the eyes of the gendarmes themselves. At length, these men broke open the doors, seized on the types and other materials, and sent the chief redacteur to prison, leaving a guard of mounted officers near the spot. The same things took place at the office of the Temps. In addition to which it is said that, finding it difficult to break into the doors of the latter office, the commissary sent for various smiths, who refused to aid him in picking the lock; and he was obliged, at last, to call for one of the myrmidons of the prisons, whose business it was to rivet the chains of the galleyslaves. These operations took up several hours, in one of the most frequented parts of Paris, in the face of crowds of excited spectators, who cheered on the printers to stand for their interest and their rights, and who regarded the scene as what it really was, an outrageous invasion of private property at the mere lawless will of a tyrant. Every looker on regarded the case as his own, and left the spot full of indignation against the King, the Ministers, and all their subordinate agents, considering their conduct as no better than robbery or housebreaking, and fully resolved to second the editors and printers in manful defence of the Charter. Already the Police were beginning to be satisfied that their efforts had now become of no avail, in opposition to an entire People; for although they had orders to arrest the conductors and editors of newspapers for subscribing the celebrated Protest, in the disorder and confusion of the time they found it wholly impracticable. Well might one of the patriotic editors say, in a circular to his subscribers: Between right and violence the struggle cannot be protracted, and we shall soon see our national flag unfurled.' The Press, in short, had done its duty unflinchingly, in early protesting against the illegal proceedings of the Government, in calling upon the People to maintain their rights, and in setting the first example of resistance, of self-sacrifice, and of defiance of tyranny and usurpation. CHAPTER XVI. FRANCE, CONTINUED. The Three Days. Military Arrangements. - Marmont. - The Garrison.-Dispersion of the People. -Night of Tuesday. — The Citizens arm on Wednesday.-Marmont's Plans. - Deputation of the Citizens. Movements of the Troops. - Conflict at the Hôtel de Ville. Retreat of the Troops. Their Conduct. -Barricades Thursday. - The Polytechnic School. - Positions of the Garrison. Combats. Capture of the Louvre. — Evacuation of the Tuileries and of Paris. Conduct of the People. Their Losses. It is one of the remarkable facts connected with the Revolution of the Three Days, that, when the Ministers were about to undertake the overthrow of the Charter, when they might and should have known the temper and spirit of the Nation, no military preparations of any sort were made, but everything went on in the blind confidence of undoubting security. Like the stupid ostrich, who is said to plunge her head in the sand, and imagine she has escaped her pursuers because she has voluntarily blinded herself to them, Charles the Tenth rested tranquil in the royal idleness of his nature, under the fancied shelter of his own benighted ignorance. Hence it was that, until Tuesday morning, two days after the Ordinances were signed, no arrangements were made by the Government to prevent a civil war, or to succeed in it if it should break upon them in spite of their preventive exertions. In the Moniteur of Wednesday, the 28th, appeared an Ordinance conferring the military command of Paris upon Marshal Marmont, Duc de Raguse, dated Sunday, the 25th. But it is said the Ordinance was antedated; and at any rate on the morning of Tuesday, the 27th, M. de Raguse was wholly uninformed of the condition of affairs; for he was actually stepping into his carriage at St Cloud to make an excursion into the country, when his aide informed him of the disturbed state of Paris the eyening before, and thus prevented his departure. About noon of that day he was sent for by the King and invested with the command, which he actually en tered upon at the Tuileries a few hours afterwards. These facts appeared in evidence in the sequel, when the Ministers were brought to trial before the Peers for issuing the Ordinances. The exact state of the military force at the disposal of Marmont is also well ascertained by information derived from different sources. It consisted of the Guards, troops of the Line, and others to the amount of about twelve thousand men. The Guards were composed in the outset of three Swiss regiments of infantry, having eight battalions and three thousand eight hundred men; of two regiments of cavalry, having eight squadrons and eight hundred men; and of an artillery force of twelve pieces served by one hundred and fifty men. There were four regiments of the Line, with eleven battalions, and four thousand four hundred men, who almost immediately professed themselves neutral, and who, if they did not aid the People, were certainly of little or no service to the King. There were also eleven companies of Fusiliers Sédentaires or Veterans, consisting of one hundred men each, who gave up their arms to the citizens instead of opposing them; and the Gendarmerie, horse and foot, one thousand three hundred strong. Of all this force, only the Guards and part of the Gendarmerie can be considered effective, amounting to about six thousand men, on whom Marmont had to depend to meet the whole population of París, a brave and martial people, vehemently excited, many of them discharged veterans, capable at any time of affording an army of fifty thousand men at a day's notice, and dwelling in a city peculiarly fitted by its style of construction to be the theatre of civic warfare. And yet had the Ministers possessed any forethought for the occasion, troops were to be had in abundance at Saint Denis, Sèvres, Vincennes, Versailles, and other places near Paris, sufficient in number to have balanced, if not overcome, the extemporaneous levies of the citizen-multitude. When Marmont arrived in Paris, the necessity for prompt measures for repressing disturbances in various parts of the city had become urgent. Immense crowds of the laboring classes were collected in the region of the Palais Royal and of the Tuileries, and near the hotels of some of the Ministers, who, ang though armed only with bludgeons and stones, treated with utter contempt all the efforts of the Police for their dispersion. The gendarmes rode up and down the streets and squares to no purpose; they were everywhere insulted and reviled. The citizens had now closed their shops, and an overwhelming multitude of men, all animated with the same hatred of the Government, and openly proposing the most daring acts of resistance, inundated the streets in that most frequented quarter of the city. Thus far, it is true, they were only a mob; but they were gradually changing their character, and their reiterated attacks upon the Hôtel Wagram on the Boulevard des Capucines, the official residence of M. de Polig This nac, must have taught the Pre- Bourdeaux, near the Tuileries, but mier that what he saw was no was so closely pressed upon and transient ebullition of popular pelted with stones, tiles, and other heat. Accordingly, at half past missiles, as to be held in check four o'clock in the afternoon, for a while. On the other hand Marmont issued his orders to the Guards endeavored to make get the troops under arms, and way by riding among the people bodies of infantry and cavalry were and striking them with the flat of hastily marched to the Place du their sabres. At this point the Carrousel,the Place Louis Quinze, firing commenced, and it is singuand the Boulevards. The regu- lar enough that the first shot was lar troops were then for the first fired by an Englishman. time called upon to take part in man, whose name is said to have the passing events. been Foulkes, lodged at an English hotel at the corner of Rue des Pyramides and Rue Saint Honoré; and as the detachment endeavored to pass he loaded a fowling piece and discharged it against them from the windows, The soldiers fired a volley in return, which killed the Englishman and two other persons. Meanwhile another and a stronger detachment had sought the Rue Saint Honoré by the Rue de l'Echelle, who were also arrested in their progress by the mass of people accumulated in the Rue Saint Honoré between the two detachments. Here was the first example of a barricade, which was formed on the sudden by overturning an omnibus, one of the long coaches which ply from one part of Paris to another, and placing it across the street. hind this off-hand entrenchment, the citizens received the summons of the Guards to surrender, and answered it only with a shower of tiles and pavement stones. At length the troops forced the barricade, and after two discharges in the air fired the third time upon the people, and finally drove them slowly along the street. Other It being now late in the afternoon, and an hour when the great thoroughfares of Paris are always full of people, the crowd continued to increase by the influx of citizens into the narrow streets near the Palais Royal, until these became wholly impassable. The Police having endeavored in vain to open a communication by dis. persing the mob, demunded the assistance of troops. In fact, one of the gendarmes had already been killed by the citizens. Here upon small detachments of the Guard were sent to clear the streets, and preserve order in the vicinity of the Palais Royal especially, as apprehensions began to be entertained that the citizens would break open the shops of the gunsmiths and armorers, which abound in that region, and possess themselves of arms. It appears that the pieces of the troops forming these detachments were not generally loaded, and that they had orders to conduct themselves with moderation and temper, and not to fire unless they were fired upon by the people. One small detachment endeavored to debouche by the Rue du Duc de Be |