in fact accompanies rosaniline in all the usual modes of production, and can be obtained from the residue that remains after the extraction of the latter, by passing through it a current of steam, condensing, and adding nitric acid. The nitrate of the base is thus formed, and being extremely insoluble in water, is at once precipitated. The base, isolated, is in form of a yellow powder, and from its color the discoverer named it chrysaniline. It is very soluble in alcohol and ether. Its composition is C..H7N3; i. e., rosaniline-2 H. Again, rosaniline acted on by nascent hydrogen (the dye being dissolved in hydrochloric acid, and zinc added), gives rise to a third base, and to this, as being perfectly colorless both in itself and in its salts, Hofmann gave the name of leucaniline. Its composition is CoH21N; i. e., rosaniline + 2 II. This substance, however, when long exposed to the air becomes slightly red, and still more so when heated.

It long passed as a fact that the magenta or crimson dye was a product of the oxidation of the aniline proper contained in the impure aniline of commerce. More recently, however, Hofmann tried upon pure aniline the usual reaction, and found that the crimson dye could not be obtained from it. As was natural, he next tried pure toluidine, but still no rosaniline was produced. But upon mixing the two materials, both pure, the reaction of a suitable oxidizer at once gave the coloring matter. He infers that to the formation of rosaniline both toluidine and aniline proper must contribute, a portion of their hydrogen being meantime given up to the oxygen of the reagent used: the result may be thus represented-2 (C1II»N) + (C12H;N)—7 H - CHIN. Quite recently, also, MM. Laurent and Casthelez have succeeded in converting nitro-benzole by a single operation into aniline crimson. This they effect by mixing the former with iron and hydrochloric acid, or with protochloride of iron, and then heating. At first, aniline and perchloride of iron result; and when the mixture is heated, the perchloride reacts on the aniline, producing

rosaniline.

Some of the facts here stated in relation to rosaniline and the related substances were given in the preceding volume of this CYCLOPÆDIA: such are here repeated only so far as is requisite to a sufficiently connected and clear view of the entire subject. In the same place will be found a brief account of the aniline blue, with a reference to the analogous colors in which the phenyle-radical of that substance is replaced by ethyle, methyle, and amyle, respectively, and also to the cyanine, obtained from chinoline. Aniline yields other dyes than those yet named, as the green, or emeraldine, &c.; and several dyes are in use which are procured from certain other derivatives of coal-tar; among the latter being pieric acid, and (it would appear) azuline,

&c.

much confusion still exist among manufacturers and dealers in reference to the very names of the various colors obtained from coal-tar products. In such a state of things, a systematic and complete classification of the new dyes is as yet scarcely practicable. Some of the more important of the coal-tar dyes, however, whether yet practically in use or not so, require further and special notice: of such a list is here given: 1. Aniline purple (Perkin's purple, mauve, common aniline violet, imperial violet, pensie, &c).— Obtained as a black precipitate, by mixing equivalents of solutions of sulphate of aniline and bichrowashed with water, and dried, digested in naphtha mate of potash, and allowing to stand; the precipitate till this ceases to be colored brown, then repeatedly boiled in alcohol to extract the coloring matter; the latter left upon distilling off the alcohol: thus prepared it is not pure. When purified, and dried, it is obtained as a brittle substance, having a beautiful bronze-colored surface. As one test, a little of the alcoholic solution being evaporated on a glass plate, and viewed by transmitted light, appears of a beautiful bluish-violet color. Many characteristic reactions are given; but of these, or those of the dyes yet to be named, space does not here allow. The color imparted by this dye is a bluish or deep violet. The name mauve (French, for mallow,) was given from a resemblance (supposed, at least) of the color to that of the petals of the plant in question. It is stated that much of the maure now seen is an imitation, with a dye obtained by a new process from archil. While there are two unlike colors which pass among dealers and dyers as solferino, one of them is a purple or violet, of different shades, and is stated to the writer to be identical with Perkin's purple.

2. Violine.-A product of the oxidation of aniline, first obtained by Dr. David Price, by means of the action of binoxide of lead on a solution of two equiva lents of sulphuric acid and one of aniline in water. Dried from alcoholic solution at the close of the process (not here given in full), it resembles the aniline purple dye, but has a more coppery appearance. Very soluble in alcohol, insoluble in ether.

3. Roseine.-First noticed by Mr. C. G. Williams, acting on a boiling solution of sulphate of aniline afterwards by Dr. Price. The latter obtained it by with binoxide of lead, filtering, &c. Dried, a dark, brittle substance, of slightly metallic lustre; dissolved in alcohol, gives a fine crimson. The three coloring

matters thus far named are closely allied.

4. Aniline crimson (aniline red, aniline pink, rosaniline, magenta, fuchsine, roseine, &c).-The history of its discovery, as well as an account of its composition, has been given, and the sorts of reagents that produce it from aniline have been named. Béchamp C2H6N2, this, when the base is free, being associated considers the formula of anhydrous fuchsine as with HO, giving CH, NO. Perkin, and after him Dussauce, give quite fully the modes of preparing the dye with bichloride of tin, and with nitrate of mercury. As met with in commerce, the coloring matter, when not pulverized, is in small irregular masses or lumps, having a golden-green semi-metallic lustre, but which, in thin plates and by transmitted light, are red. A light and slightly bluish magenta is the other color to which the name of solferino is sometimes given. This, however, is not a proper violet or purple, but a distinct and bright crimson. 5. Chrysaniline (phosphine).-As already stated, a residual product, formed at the same time with rosaniline, and removed from the residue left in preparing that dye, by passing through it a current of from Xpvoos, gold, and phosphorus-respectively inIt dyes a golden yellow, as its two names

dicate.

6. Aniline blue (bleu de Paris bleu de Luon, opal

Hue).-A dye produced under circumstances somewhat similar to those giving the crimson: as described by MM. Persoz, De Luynes, and Salvetat, it is formed by heating in sealed tubes, for 30 hours, 9 parts bichloride of tin with 16 parts aniline, to about 3560 F. It crystallizes from its alcoholic solution in fine needles somewhat resembling the ammoniacal sulphate of copper. It is soluble in water, wood-spirit, and acetic acid. This blue is very beautiful, and several fine and durable tints of it appear now to be produced at Lyons, if not elsewhere.

7. Aniline green (emeraldine).—A substance long known in the laboratory, as forming on the outside of vessels in the vicinity of aniline. It may be obtained by oxidizing aniline with chloric acid, or a salt of that body with perchloride of iron. Dried, it has an olive-green color. It is soluble, and somewhat changed, in sulphuric acid; insoluble in water, alcohol, ether, and benzole. It appears to be now successfully used as a dye.

Among dyes directly obtained from aniline, there

is said also to be a black, and the writer has seen browns and scarlets said to be derived from the same

material; but of these no account has been met with. 8. Nitroso-phenyline (comp., CHINO).-Obtained by action of nascent hydrogen on an alcoholic solution of di-nitro-benzole. It gives crimson-colored solutions, but not so brilliant as those of rosaniline. 9. Di-nitraniline (C,H,NO2).—Obtained from dinitro-phenyle citra-conamide, by carbonate of soda. Pure, it is found in yellow tabular crystals. It can be made to dye silk yellow.

10. Nitro-phenyline diamine.-Obtained from the last named, by sulphide of ammonium, in form of red, acicular crystals, which give an orange solution with water. It is capable of dyeing silk of a clear golden color.

11. Pierie, or Di-nitro-phenic acid (C,,H,N ̧0). A long-known product, obtainable by action of heated nitric acid on aniline, indigo, carbolic acid, salicine, silk, aloes, and a number of other substances; and which was first introduced as a dye about 1855, by MM. Guinon, Marnas, and Bonney, silk dyers of Lyons. It is prepared on the large scale from carbolic acid, and also from certain gum-resins. Pure and dry, it is of a light primrose-yellow color, crystallizing in shining lamine. Its taste is extremely bitter. It dissolves in water. Cheap and inferior

imitations of it are in the market.

12. Rosolic acid (C2H2O,).—-Obtained by Dr. H. Muller from crude phenate of lime. Pure, it is a dark, amorphous mass, showing the greenish metallic lustre of cantharides; and in thin layers, by transmitted light, of a golden metallic color. It is said to be dis13. Cyanine (chinoline blue).-Obtained from chinoline, a constituent of the mixed product known as quinoline or leucoline (from coal-tar). A very delicate, pure blue, but extremely fugitive, and not yet successfully employed. A chinoline violet, and green, are similarly liable to objection.

used since the discovery of rosaniline.

14. Azuline.-This is a very beautiful blue dye, introduced during the year 1861 by Guinon, Marnas, and Bonney. It is obtained from coal-tar, but from which of its derivatives, or what the process, is as yet kept secret. The dye is in amorphous masses, of a coppery lustre. The color it gives, though not as fine as that of chinoline blue, is far superior to the Prus

sian blue.

is capable of dyeing silk of a color like that of

annoto.

18. Nitroso-naphthaline.-A product of the action of nitrous acid on naphthalamine. With much hydrochloric or sulphuric acid, it dyes silk a beautiful violet, but which fades at once unless so much of the acid be left as to rot the silk..

19. Naphthamein.-This dyes silk or cotton of a purple color, but very inferior.

20. Tar Red.-Discovered by Mr. Clift, of Manchester, 1853. It is obtained by exposing for about three weeks to the air a mixture of the more volatile parts of basic oils of coal-tar and hypochlorite of lime. With different mordants it yields different colors.

The irregularity which as yet prevails in the naming and classification of the coal-tar colors, is illustrated in the sets of samples of colors produced that are furnished to dealers. The manufacturing firm in Lyons, known as La Fuchsine Société, and advertising a capital of $4,000,000, furnishes to importers in New York samples bearing the following names: fuchsine, bleu de lumiére (very light), bleu de Lyon (in three shades, darker and darker, marked T, R, and E-light, reddish, and deep), violet Hofmann (two shades, R and B-reddish and bluish), violet (R and B), and dahlia imperial, a fine reddish violet. Other sets of specimens vary again more or less from these. Simpson, Maule and Nicholson furnish, to illustrate Dr. Phipson's paper on the subject, opal blue, chrysaniline, rosaniline, Hofmann's patent violet, regina purple, and imperial violet. ("Popular Science Review," July, 1863.) Hofmann's violet is a very brilliant and fine reddish violet, though the shades produced by different makers differ somewhat; and the dye is now one of the most expensive. It is said to be also called primula, Alexandria violet, and imperial purple. The so-called (imported) Humboldt purple, if not identical with this, is at least quite similar to it.

Aniline colors are now manufactured in this country, from imported aniline, by the "Holliday Chemical and Color Co.," of Brooklyn (Eastern District), N. Y. Of the magenta or crimson dye they produce three hues, which they term the Empire red (the dye soluble in cold water), the Keystone (bluish), and the Bay State (reddish); of the violet, three hues, the Manhattan (reddish), the Knickerbocker (bluish), and the Humboldt (bluish, more deep); and of the blue, two hues, the Union (reddish, or deep), and the Washington, (greenish, or "night" shade). Most of these the company's agents hold at this time at $9, in gold. It would appear, also, that some of the aniline and other coal-tar colors have been already produced in this country from products separated from petroleum - especially from the naphtha and the residuum. It is stated that the "Humboldt Petroleum Co.," of New York, have works for this manufacture now in process of erection, at Plummer, on Cherry Run, Venango Co., Pa. It has been stated to the writer that the company have already produced from petroleum several superior dyes, and--a very important point, if con

firmed by further experience-that they are aniline dyes. Evidently, if petroleum contains benzole, identical with coal-tar benzole, or any thing that for the color manufacture is equivalent to this, or if it can largely yield aniline, the fact will be one of great importance to the future of American commerce and manufactures.

The colors obtained from aniline and other coal-tar dyes are almost invariably distinguished by a superior brilliancy, which is readily made evident upon bringing into close proximity with them similar hues furnished by other coloring matters. The new dyes were, moreover, in the outset, of extremely high price; and though recently they have greatly declined, they are still comparatively dear. For both these reasons, the fabrics dyed with these colors have been, and still are, held at a higher value on such account. Perkin's purple dye was for a long time held at its weight in gold. In the London Exhibition of 1862, Mr. Nicholson exhibited a crown constructed of crystals of acetate of rosaniline, and which was valued at £100 sterling. The writer is informed that at the present time the imported dyes can be bought in New York at prices of from $5 to $9 the pound, in gold. These coloring matters were, nevertheless, even when held at a much higher price, available to the dyer, and chiefly for three reasons: 1, their very high coloring power, so that a little of the dye goes a great way; 2, the fact that the process of dyeing with them is usually extremely simple; 3, the higher price the dyed fabrics would command. The power, for example, of the mauve and magenta is shown by the fact that th of a grain of either will color substantially a gallon of alcohol. And such has been the demand for the dyes, that, in England at least, the production of Hofmann's patent violet, obtained by action of the iodides of ethyle, &c., on rosaniline, speedily occasioned a considerable rise in the price of iodine.

Whatever may in the outset have been said to the contrary, it is now well ascertained that the coal-tar colors do not withstand the action of light; but that, as a rule, they lose their brilliancy and fade even more readily than other similar colors. In this respect, however, it is already demonstrated that much depends on the mode of preparing and applying the dyes; and some of these, in any case, produce much more durable colors than others. M. Chevreul and Mr. Perkin agree in pronouncing the hues of magenta usually very fugitive, and most so upon cotton. Aniline purple is said to resist light among the best; and azuline, bleu de Paris, and the yellow from picric acid, are also very stable.

When Mr. Perkin wrote, in 1861, only four of all the dyes above enumerated were as yet employed by the dyer and printer; namely, aniline purple, aniline crimson, picric acid, and azuline. It is evident that by the present time the number has become greatly increased. A remarkable quality in all the coal-tar dyes is

their strong affinity for all manner of anima fibres (illustrated even in the tenacity of the stain they leave on the fingers), and their indifference to vegetable fibrous materials. Thus, they take effect most perfectly on silk and on wool, and in these they exhibit their richest hues. With these fabrics, as a rule, no mordants are required, and very little, indeed, beyond thoroughly cleansing the silk or wool, plunging it into a proper solution of the dye, and then taking it out and washing: the dye is so strongly attracted to the fibres, that it may be said to become fixed in an instant; while some of the dyes, as aniline purple and violine, are thus so completely withdrawn from the liquid holding them in solution, that the latter is speedily left colorless. In fact, with silk and wool one great difficulty the dyer has to contend with is the tendency of the fibres thus to become dyed unevenly.

The dyeing of silk with aniline purple, violine, and roseine, is essentially effected by adding an alcoholic solution of the dyes, diluted with hot water acidulated with tartaric acid, to a dyebath of acidulated cold water, and working the silk in this until of the required shade; with fuchsine, picric acid, chinoline blue, and violet, still more simply, by working the silk in cold aqueous solutions of the dyes, with the first two especially avoiding acids; with azuline, in the color-solution acidulated with sulphuric acid, first at a low, and then at a high temperature, and afterwards carefully rinsing in water, working in soap lather, &c. The dyeing of wool with any of these colors requires simply a dye-bath consisting of a dilute aqueous color-solution, at a temperature of about 40° F. In case, however, of linen, cotton, paper or other substances of a vegetable nature, the dye may require to be prepared with some material that shall play the part of a mordant, as in Puller's and Perkin's process with tannin and stannate of soda, or else the fabric may first be coated, or the dye itself mixed, with some albuminous or animal matter, in order to secure action of the dye on the fibre. It is stated, however, that fuchsine, violine, roseine, and the chinoline colors will act directly on vegetable fibres, while picric and rosolic acids are not applicable to the dyeing of cotton. The tannin process, just named, and also another in which a basic carbonate or oxide of lead is first formed on the parts to be colored, and the fabric then worked in the coloring solution, the color to be removed by soap from the portions not mordanted, are among the methods resorted to for printing calicocs with coal-tar colors.

When the dyeing of fabrics with the coal-tar colors began to be practised, fears were entertained that the health of the workmen would suffer. Mr. Perkin states that during the few years of his experience in the business, no sickness had occurred among the workmen that could be traced to the use of his own-the aniline purple dye. In respect to working in aniline, the case would appear to be different. Dr.

month, has adopted a constitution and submitted it to you for your approval or rejection. That constitution is based upon the principles of freedom, and it is for you now to say, by your voluntary and unbiased action, whether it shall be your fundamental law. While it may have defects in the main, it is in accordance with the views of that portion of the people who have been resisting the fratricidal attempts which have been made during the last three years. The Convention has fixed the 14th day of March next on which to decide this great question, and the General Commanding is only following the instructions of the Government when he says to you that every facility will be offered for the expression of your sentiments, uninfluenced by any considerations save those which affect your own interests and those of your posterity. If you will institute a government of your own, he feels great confidence in assuring you that quiet and security will soon be restored to your entire State. Those who have been unwisely led, by the counsel of bad men, to engage in this unjustifiable and wicked rebellion, will speedily return and acknowledge the rightful sovereignty of the State, as well as the supremacy of the National Government over the whole domain, and peace will prevail throughout the land. The election will be held and the return be made in accordance with the schedule adopted by the Convention, and no interference from any quarter will be allowed to prevent the free expression of the loyal men of the State on that day. The schedule will be hereto appended to render the election valid. There must be cast five thousand four hundred and six votes.

FRED. STEELE,
Major-General Commanding.

The popular vote on the Constitution as returned, was 12,177 in its favor, and 226 against it. There was also chosen at said election a Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, Secretary of State, Auditor, State Treasurer, Attorney-General, three Supreme Court Judges, three members of Congress, six out of nine Circuit Judges, seven of nine Prosecuting Attorneys, twentythree out of twenty-five State Senators, fiftynine out of seventy-five members of the Assembly. The counties also elected Sheriff's, County and Circuit Clerks, County and Probate Judges, Treasurers, Coroners, School Commissioners, Surgeons, Justices, and Constables. The Legislature assembled on April 25th, and elected William Fishback and Elisha Baxter Senators to Congress in Washington. question relative to their admission to seats was discussed, but not decided by the Senate.

The

On September 22d, the rebel Legislature of the State assembled. Thirteen members were present in the Senate, and forty in the House. A message was delivered by the rebel Governor Hannigan, and A. P. Garland was elected to the Congress at Richmond-Albert Pike being the opposing candidate.

ARMY, CONFEDERATE. The acts of the Congress at Richmond, by which their armies were formed, were revised at the beginning of 1864. On December 28, 1863, it was enacted that no person liable to military service should be permitted, or allowed to furnish a substitute for such service; on January 5, 1864, it was enacted that no person liable to military service should be exempted by reason of his having furnished a substitute. In February, a

general military act was passed, which provided as follows:

1. That all white men, residents of the Confederate States, between the ages of seventeen and fifty, shall be in the military service of the Confederate States during the war.

2. That all between the ages of eighteen and fortyfive now in service shall be retained during the pres ent war in the same organizations in which they were serving at the passage of this act, unless they are regularly discharged or transferred.

4. That no person shall be relieved from the operation of this act by reason of having been discharged, where no disability now exists, nor by reason of having furnished a substitute; but no person who has heretofore been exempted on account of relig ious opinions, and paid the required tax, shall be required to render military service.

5. That all between seventeen and eighteen years and forty-five and fifty years of age shall form a reserve corps, not to serve out of the State in which they reside.

7. That any person of the last named failing to attend at the place of rendezvous within thirty days," as required by the President, without a sufficient reason, shall be made to serve in the field during the war.

8. That all the duties of provost and hospital guards and clerks, and of clerks, guards, agents, employés, or laborers, in the Commissary and Quartermaster Department, in the Ordnance Bureau and Navy Department, and all similar duties, shall be perform. ed by persons who are declared, by a board of sur. geons, as unable to perform military service in the field. The President may detail such bodies of troops or individuals required to be enrolled under the fifth section of this act (between the ages of fortysuch duties. Persons between seventeen and eighteen five and fifty) as may be needed for the discharge of years of age shall not be assigned to such duties. The President is empowered to detail artisans, mechanics, or persons of scientific skill, to perform indispensable duties in the departments or bureaus herein mentioned.

9. That any Quartermaster, or Assistant Quartermaster, Commissary, or Assistant Commissary (other than those serving with organizations in the field), or other officer in the Ordnance Bureau, or Navy Agent, or Provost-Marshal, or officer in the conscript person' subject to military duty, as herein provided, service, who shall hereafter retain or employ any shall be cashiered.

10. Repeals all existing exemption laws, and exempts the following:

1. All who shall be held unfit for military service, under rules to be prescribed by the Secretary of War. 2. The Vice-President of the Confederate States, the members and officers of Congress, of the several State Legislatures, and such other Confederate and State officers as the President or the Governors of the respective States may certify to be necessary for the proper administration of the Confederate or State Governments, as the case may be.

3. Every minister of religion authorized to preach according to the rules of his church, and who, at the passage of this act, shall be regularly employed in the discharge of his ministerial duties; superintend ents and physicians of asylums of the deaf, dumb, blind, and insane; one editor for each newspaper being published at the time of the passage of this act, and such employés as said editor may certify on newspaper; the public printer of the Confederate oath to be indispensable to the publication of such and State Governments, and such journeymen printers as the said public printer shall certify on oath to be indispensable to perform the public printing; one skilled apothecary in each apothecary store who was doing business as such apothecary on the 10th day of October, 1862, and has continued said business without intermission since that period; all physicians over