confusion, but have not succeeded to the extent that is to be desired.* There are slight discrepancies in some of the dates; but in each case I have followed the author whose work I was translating. I send forth my treatise to the world, aware of its numerous imperfections, but cheered by the consciousness of integrity in its preparation; and I ask for no higher reward than to be an humble instrument in assisting the ministers of the cross in their combats with this master error of the world, and in preventing the spread of the same delusion, under another guise, in regions nearer home. HEBDEN BRIDGE, NEAR HALIFAX, R. SPENCE HARDY. * I have been under the necessity of reading some of the proof-sheets in the railway carriage, which will account for some oversights. The reader is requested to correct the following, in addition to the errors inserted in the errata :-Page 190, line 18, for Tabular Raica read Tabula Ilaica; page 292, line 40, for nirwawa read nirwana, and dele the space between dharmmá and bhisamaya; page 308, line 4, for facultives read faculties; page 379, line 28, for by read of; page 386, line 16, for intelligibiles read intelligibilis; page 387, line 18, for interiorum read interiorem; page 388, after the word things, line 3, insert as a note, "Morell's History of Modern Philosophy;" page 389, lines 27 and 28, for delusion read illusion; and for anhatamisra read andhatamisra. EASTERN MONACHISM. I. GOTAMA BUDHA. ABOUT two thousand years before the thunders of Wycliffe were rolled against the mendicant orders of the west, Gótama Budha commenced his career as a mendicant in the east, and established a religious system that has exercised a mightier influence upon the world than the doctrines of any other uninspired teacher, in any age or country. The incidents of his life are to be found in the sacred books of the Budhists, which are called in Páli, the language in which they are written, Pitakattayan, from pitakan, a basket or chest, and tayo, three, the text being divided into three great classes. The instructions contained in the first class, called Winaya, were addressed to the priests; those in the second class, Sútra, to the laity; and those in the third class, Abhidharmma, to the déwas and brahmas of the celestial worlds. There is a commentary, called the Atthakatha, which until recently was regarded as of equal authority with the text. The text was orally preserved until the reign of the Singhalese monarch Wattagamani, who reigned from B. c. 104 to B. c. 76, when it was committed to writing in the island of Ceylon. The commentary was written by Budhagósha, at the ancient city of Anuradhapura, in Ceylon, A. D. 420. In this interval there was ample space for the invention of the absurd legends that are inserted therein relative to Budha and his immediate disciples, as we may learn from the similar stories that were invented relative to the western saints, in a period less extended. The father of Gótama Budha, Sudhódana, reigned at Kapilawastu, on the borders of Nepaul; and in a garden near that city the future sage was born, B. c. 624. At the moment of his birth he stepped B |