UNIV. OF

THE UNITED STATES

FROM THE EARLIEST DISCOVERY

OF AMERICA TO THE PRESENT DAY

BY

E. BENJAMIN ANDREWS

PRESIDENT OF BROWN UNIVERSITY

With 400 Illustrations and Maps

VOLUME II.

NEW YORK

CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS

1896

How Important.-Vergennes's Prophecy.-England in Debt.—
Tempted to Tax Colonies.-Colonies Strengthened.-Military Ex-
perience Gained.—Leaders Trained.—Fighting Power Revealed.
-Best of All, Union.-How Developed.-Nothing but War could
have done This.-Scattered Condition of Population then.—
Difficulties of Communication.-Other Centrifugal Influences.-
France no longer a Menace to the Colonies.-But a Natural
Friend and Ally.—Increase of Territory at the Colonies' Disposal.

CHAPTER II. GEORGE III. AND HIS AMERICAN

COLONIES

30

Character of the Young King.-Policy.—Advisers.—Indefinite
Causes Separating Colonies from England.—England Blind to
These.-Ignorant of the Colonies. -Stricter Enforcement of Navi-
gation Laws.-Writs of Assistance.—James Otis.-Stamp Act.—
Opposition. — Vigorous and Widespread Retaliation by Non-
importation.-England Recedes.-Her Side of the Question.—
Lord Mansfield's Argument.--Pitt's.-Constitutional and Histori-
cal Considerations not Sufficient.-George III.'s Case Better

M126831

Legally than Practically.-Natural Rights.-Townshend's Duties.
-Massachusetts's Opposition.-Samuel Adams.-Committees of
Correspondence.—The Billeting Act.—Boston Massacre.—State-
ment of Grievances.-The Tea.-Coercion Resolved upon.-
First Continental Congress.—Drifting into War.

CHAPTER III.
STATES

INDEPENDENCE AND THE NEW

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PAGE

51

Slow Growth of Desire for Independence. - Why. — Early
Schemes of Union.-New York Convention of 1690.-Albany
Convention of 1754.-Franklin's Plan for a Confederation of
Colonies. Even in 1774 no Hint of Independence.-Hardly in
1775.-Swift Change at Last.-All the Colonies Turn to the New
Idea.-Causes.—Dickinson and Harrison.-The King's Barbar-
ity. The Gaspé Affair.-Capture of Fort William and Mary.-
Paine's "Common Sense."-Declaration of Independence Mooted.
-Debated.-Drafted. — Passed and Signed. — Jefferson. ― How
far he Followed Earlier Utterances.-Effect of the Declaration.—
Anarchy in the Colonies. - New State Governments. — New
Constitutions.-Their Provisions.-Changes from the Old Order.
-General Character of the Documents.

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CHAPTER IV. OUTBREAK OF WAR: WASHING-
TON'S MOVEMENTS

-

68

General Gage in Boston.-Lexington.-Concord.-The Retreat.
-Siege of Boston.-Bunker Hill.-Warren's Fall.-Losses of
the two Sides.-Washington Commander-in-Chief.-His Char-
acter. — Difficulties. — Bad Military System. — Gage Evacuates
Boston. Moultrie's Defence of Charleston Harbor.-New York
the Centre of Hostilities.-Long Island Given up.-New York
City also.-Forts Washington and Lee Captured.-Retreat across
New Jersey.-Splendid Stroke at Trenton.—Princeton.-Brandy-
wine and Germantown.-The Winter at Valley Forge.-Hard-
ships. Steuben's Arrival and Drill.-Battle of Monmouth.

CHAPTER V. THE NORTHERN CAMPAIGN

86

On to Canada.-Ethan Allen takes "Old Ti."-Montgomery's
Advance.-Benedict Arnold's.-They attack Quebec.-Montgom-