ery Falls.-Morgan in the Lower Town.-The Siege Raised.-
Retreat.-Burgoyne's Advance.-The British Plan.—Ticonderoga
again in British Hands.-On to Fort Edward.-St. Leger's
Expedition. Battle of Oriskany.-St. Leger Driven Back.-
Baume's Expedition.—Battle of Bennington.—Stark.—Burgoyne
in a Cul-de-sac.-Gates Succeeds Schuyler.-First Battle of Bemis's
Heights or Stillwater.-Burgoyne's Position Critical.-No Tidings
from Clinton.-Second Battle.-Arnold the Hero.-The Briton
Retreats.—Capitulates.-Little Thanks to Gates.-Importance of
Burgoyne's Surrender.

CHAPTER VI. THE SOUTHERN CAMPAIGNS

PAGE

100

Massacres of Wyoming and Cherry Valley.—Battle of Rhode
Island.—Raids.—Wayne takes Stony Point.-Paul Jones and his
Naval Victory.-The War in the South.-Lincoln Surrenders.
-All South Carolina Gone.—Clinton's Severity.—Bravely with-
stood by Southern Leaders and People.-Washington Sends Aid.
-Gates and De Kalb.-Battle of Camden.-Exit Gates.-De
Kalb's Valor and Death.-Arnold's Treason.-The South Pros-
trate.-Colonial Victory of King's Mountain.—General Greene to
the South.-His History.-His Plan.-Morgan Beats Carleton at
Cowpens. Cornwallis Sweeps Northward. - Greene's Skilful
Retreat.-Battle of Guilford Court-House.-Cornwallis to Virginia.
-The Carolinas and Georgia Recovered.-Washington to York-
town.-French Aid.-Cornwallis Surrenders.-Effects.

CHAPTER VII.

PEACE

123

Peace Sentiment in England. - Reasons.-Ill Conduct of the

War.—Expense.—Vain Concession.—France Aids America.—

Spain too. Lord North Wavers.-Holland Joins the Colonies.

-Cornwallis's Surrender.-Franklin in France.-Influence and

Skill.-Joy.-Negotiations for a Treaty of Peace.-The Treaty

Signed. Its Provisions.-Peace a Benediction.-Cessation of

Hostilities.-Redcoats Depart.-New York Evacuated.---Wash-

ington's Adieu to the Army.-Resigns his Commission.—Re-

visits Mount Vernon.

Character of Revolutionary Soldiers.-Causes.-Physical Basis
and Previous Training.-Bunker Hill.-Moultrie.-Marylanders
at Long Island.-At Monmouth.-Nathan Hale.—André.—Paul
Jones and his Exploit.-Ethan Allen.-Prescott.-" Old Put."-
Richard Montgomery.-General Greene.-Stark.-Dan Morgan.
-Other Generals.-Colonel Washington.-De Kalb.-Robert
Morris, Financier.-Franklin, Diplomatist.-Washington.─Mili-
tary Ability.-Mental and Moral Characteristics.-Honesty.—
Modesty. Encomia upon Him.

CHAPTER IX. THE OLD CONFEDERATION

162

The Revolutionary Congress.-The Articles of Confederation.
-Synopsis. Congress.—Its Powers.—Advantages of the Confed-
eration.--Critical State of Affairs after the War.-State Sover-
eignty. Antagonized by Existence of the Articles.-Faults of the
Confederation.-No Power over Individuals.-Treaties.-Taxa-
tion.-War Debt.-Mutinous Spirit in Army.-Washington's
Steadfastness.- Congress Menaced. - Discord of Commercial
Laws.-England's Hostile Attitude.-Needed Amendments to
the Articles. Lack of a Central Power.-Northwest Territory.
-Ordinance of 1787.-Its Excellence.-The Ohio Company.—
Settlement at Marietta.

CHAPTER X. RISE OF THE NEW CONSTITUTION 174
Anarchy after the Revolution.-Shays's Rebellion.-Washing-
ton's Influence.-Continental Sects.-Hamilton's Motion for a
Stronger Government.—Massachusetts's Motion.—Forwardness
of Virginia.-Of Madison.-Origin of Annapolis Convention,
1786.-Its Action.—Meeting of the Constitutional Convention,
1787.—The Virginia Plan.—New Jersey Plan.—-Growth of the
Constitution.-Personnel of the Convention.-Its Distinguished
Men. Subsequent Careers of Many.-Rutledge.-Rufus King.
-Completion of the Constitution.-Ratification.-Struggle in
Massachusetts.-In Virginia.-In New York.-In North Caro-
lina.-In Rhode Island.-" More Perfect Union" at Last.

Launching the Constitution.--Washington's First Inauguration.

-Distribution of our Population in 1790.—In the States.-Cities.

-New York City.-Difference between the Old Government and

the New.-Status of the State.-Benefits of the New Order.-

Popularity of the Constitution.-Thoroughness of First Congress.

-Origin of Post-office Department.—Treasury.—Revenue and

Monetary System.-Judiciary.-Secretary of War.-Leaders in

First Congress.

Origin and Development of the Two Terms.-Policy of Feder-
alism.-Federalists Aristocratic.-Two Stripes of Federalists.—
Policy of the Anti-federalists.-Close and Liberal Constructionists.
—Argument of the Federalists on Article I., Section 8.-Reply of
Anti-federalists.-Historical Facts in Support of the Latter.

CHAPTER III. DOMESTIC QUESTIONS OF WASH-

INGTON'S ADMINISTRATIONS

220

I. TARIFF Restrictive Policy after the Revolution.-Object of
its Advocates to Strengthen the Central Government.-Retaliatory

Spirit against England.-Desire for Independence as to Military

Supplies.

II. FUNDING THE DEBT: Debt at Close of Revolution.-

Congress Liquidates the Domestic Federal Debt.-Assumes State

Debts.-Debate on This.-Secured by a "Deal."-Scheme for

Payment.

III. THE EXCISE Excise on Spirits.-Opposition in Pennsyl-

vania.-Result.

IV. THE BANK: Chartered by Congress.-Hostility.-Jeffer-
son's Argument.-Hamilton's.-Good Influence of the Bank.

PAGE

CHAPTER IV. RELATIONS WITH ENGLAND

-

-

. 231

Revolution in France.-Washington's Proclamation of Neutral-

ity. Jefferson's Criticism. — Rives's. — Arguments for Aiding

France. Results of Neutrality.-Federalist Leaning toward Great

Britain.-Attitude of Great Britain.-Impressment of our Seamen.

-War Imminent.-Jay's Treaty.-Fisher Ames Urges Ratifica-

tion.

CHAPTER V. RELATIONS WITH THE FRENCH

REPUBLIC

242

Federalists Condemn, Republicans Favor, the French Revolu-
tion.-Causes of its Popularity.—Justification of the Administra-
tion's Policy.—France Violates the Treaty.—Genet's High-handed
Action.—His Insolence and Final Removal.—Effect of Jay's
Treaty upon France. Further Overtures to France.-Result.-
Anti-federalists Confounded.-War Feeling in this Country.—
Adams's Patriotic Course.-War Averted.

CHAPTER VI. DECLINE OF THE FEDERALIST

PARTY

. 256

Federalist Excesses. -Alien and Sedition Acts.-Conviction of
Matthew Lyon.-Results of the Federalist Policy.—Its Animus.—
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions.-These Criticised.-Unpopu-

larity of the Federalist Measures.-This Dooms Federalism.—
Federalist Dissensions.-Federalist Opposition to the Administra-
tion.-Waning Power of Federalism.-Its Good After-influence.

Kentucky and Tennessee become States.-Unorganized and

Organized Territory.-Settlements in the Northwest.-Centres of

Population.-Early Land System.—Indian Outbreaks.—Harmar's

Expedition. Treaty with the Creeks.-Expedition of St. Clair.—

Forts Built.-St. Clair's Defeat.-His Deposition from Military

Command.-Wayne's Victory.-Pioneer Life.—Indiana Territory

Formed. Ohio a State.-System of Marketing Public Lands.—

Mississippi Territory Organized.

CHAPTER VIII.

SOCIAL CULTURE AT THE

TURN OF THE CENTURY

-

66

-

283

Population. — Rural Life.—Theatres. — Sports. — Lotteries. -
Steam Navigation.-The Old-fashioned Muster.-Intemperance.
Introduction of Sunday-schools. - Spanish Coins. - Colonial
Money still in Use. "Fip," "Levy," Pistareen."- News-
papers and Postal Arrangements.-Party Strife.—Innovations and
Inventions. — Beginnings of the American Factory System.—
Oliver Evans.-Samuel Slater.

CHAPTER IX.

DEMOCRACY AT THE HELM

313

Jefferson's Election.-XIIth Amendment to the Constitution.—

Power of Democracy.-Its Policy.-Jefferson the Typical Demo-
crat.-His Character.-His Civil Service Policy.-Burr's Rise.—
Shoots Hamilton in a Duel.-His Treason.-His Arrest.-Pur-
chase of Louisiana.—Immense Increase of Territory.—Trouble
with the Barbary Powers.—Their Insolence.—Dale's Expedition.
-Further Successes.

CHAPTER X. THE WAR OF 1812

333

Great Britain Ignores International Law.-Impresses American

Seamen.-The Chesapeake Affair.-Navigation Act and Berlin