a convocation of four representatives of each province (two of each party), in the hands of whom the reins of government were to be placed, and who should elect a new president. The acting president, General Paez, was to remain, until the election, at the head of the civil administration, and General Falcon, the chief of the Federalists, was appointed commander-in-chief of all the troops. In consequence of this convention General Paez (chief of the Unitarian party) resigned the presidency. The representatives of the nation thus elected assembled on June 17th at Vittoria, and appointed General Juan E. Falcon (chief of the Federalist party) provisional president, and General Antonio Guzman Blanco provisional vicepresident. General Leon de Febres Cordero, at the head of the garrison of Porto Cabello, protested against the transfer of the supreme power to the assembly of Vittoria, and organized another government at Porto Cabello. General Falcon, the provisional president, entered Caraccas on July 24th, and convoked a constituent assembly for December 10th, in order to establish a legal government. In Uruguay a civil war broke out in consequence of an invasion of the country by the former president, Flores, who was supposed to be encouraged by the Government of the Argentine Republic. The war had not ended at the close of the year. Between Chili and Bolivia a war threatened to break out in consequence of long pending difculties concerning the regulation of the frontier. It was, however, averted by negotiations, and a peaceable solution of the dispute was expected. In December, 1863, a revolution broke out in the United States of Colombia against President Mosquera. In the State of Antioquia about four thousand men of the revolutionary party were under arms. ernment of the State raised a large militia The Govforce to suppress the revolution. The encroachments of European powers upon the rights of American States, which were encouraged by the existence of civil war in the United States, became more conspicuous and numerous during the fear 1863. France continued vigorously the war for the overthrow of the Mexican republic, and under the protection of French bayonets a small number of Mexican notables abolished the republican form of government, declared Mexico to be an empire, and elected Archduke Maximilian of Austria, the first emperor. (See MEXICO.) The natives of Santo Domingo, which republic was a few years ago treacherously sold by its last president, Santana, to Spain, rose again in insurrection for the recovery of their independence, and by the end of the year the Spaniards, notwithstanding their overwhelming numbers, had not succeeded in suppressing the insurrection. (See SPAIN.) The insolent conduct of England toward Brazil led to a diplomatic rupture between these two powers. (See BRAZIL.) No one of the European Powers is more eager to extend her influence upon this continent 9 than France. Louis Napoleon, in 1862, in his celebrated letter to Marshal Forey, avowed his intention to gain a controlling influence over the Latin race. French agents are known to be active in a number of the South American republics to create and encourage a monarchical party. In some, these attempts have met with considerable success. republic of Ecuador, in particular, a number of the leading statesmen, including the presiIn the dent of the republic, were reported to be favorable to the establishment of a French protectorate. Some of the papers of this republic openly denounced the republican form of government, and recommended a return to monarchy, as the only salvation from general anarchy. General Pezet, who by the unexpected death of General San Roman, April 3d, was populous of the South American republics, called to the presidency of Peru, the most manifested likewise some sympathy with monarchical tendencies, by appointing avowed partisans of a monarchical party to important diplomatic positions. Powers awakened, in many of the States of These anti-republican schemes of European South America a desire to form an American Continental Alliance between all the republics on the continent. Formal propositions to this effect were made, in 1862, by several of them to the Government of the United States, but they their involving a deviation from its traditional were declined by the latter, on the ground of policy of neutrality. Another proposition to Mexico, made to the republics of Central and the same effect was, after the fall of the city of South America, by President Juarez, of Mexico, but it likewise led to no result. The people of Santo Domingo addressed, in December, 1863, Spanish America, to aid them in their unequal an appeal to the governments and people of particularly manifested in the idea of an Amerstruggle against Spain. A great interest was Granada. ican Continental Alliance in Chili and New The year 1863 is also marked in the history which took place with regard to slavery. By of the American Continent by the great changes a proclamation of the President of the United States, of January 1st, 1863, slavery was declared abolished in the States of Virginia, North and South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, and Arkansas, with the exception of a few districts of Louisiana issuing of the proclamation within the Federal and Virginia, which were at the time of the lines. In an amnesty proclamation, issued on December 8th, the President proclaimed that in each of the above named States one tenth of the number of voters at the presidential election of 1860, who would take the oath to abide by and support the acts of Congress passed during the existing war, with reference to slaves and the presidential proclamations on the subject, should be authorized to reestablish a State government. The new State of West Virginia, in April, adopted by 28,321 votes against 572 an amendment to its State constitution, abolishing slavery. The Legislature of the State of Missouri, on July 5th, passed an ordinance of prospective emancipation. The State of Maryland, at the State election in November, elected to the General Assembly forty-seven members pledged to emancipation against twenty-seven not pledged. On July 1st, the abolition of slavery was proclaimed in the Dutch possessions, in accordance with a law adopted by the Chambers of Holland in 1862. The number of slaves freed by this law amounted to about 11,300 in the Dutch West India islands, and 37,001 in Surinam. In December, 1863, a treaty was concluded between the United States and Holland Governments, by which it was arranged that the colonial authorities of Surinam should receive such of the emancipated American slaves as may be willing to work on their plantations. ARCHEOLOGY. (See ETHNOLOGY.) ANGLICAN CHURCHES.-This is the collective name given to the Protestant Episcopal Church of the United States, the Established Church of England, the Episcopal Church of Scotland, and the branches of these bodies. The Churchman's Calendar, for 1864 (New York, 1864), gives the following synoptical view of these churches: 136 Most of the bishops in Asia, Africa, and Oceanica have their sees in British territory, but some are missionary bishops for countries not under British rule. Thus the Protestant Episcopal Church of the United States sustains missionary bishops for Liberia and China, and the Church of England the Bishop of St. James at Jerusalem, the Bishops of Zambezi and Orange River in Africa, and the Bishop of Milanesia in Oceanica, also the Bishop of Honolulu, in the Sandwich Islands. Only the Churches of England and Ireland have as yet archbishops; the British Colonies have, instead, metropolitans, who enjoy substantially the same prerogatives as the archbishops. Thus British America has a metropolitan at Montreal, India at Calcutta, Africa at Capetown, Australia at Sydney. The province of New Zealand has a metropolitan in the Bishop of New Zealand. There is a growing tendency in the Church, especially in the United States, to introduce the provincial or metropolitan system (the union of several Episcopal sees under a metropolitan) where it does not yet exist, or to promote its development where it already has a legal existence. The Anglican Churches have had thus far an independent national organization, only, 1st. In Great Britain and its dependencies; 2d. In the United States; 3d, in the Sandwich Islands. To these may be added, 4th, the Church of Liberia, which has made all the necessary preparations for an independent organization. This church has been hitherto under a missionary bishop, sent out by the Protestant Episcopal Church of the United States, and therefore in organic connection with the American Church. By the canons of the American Church, six presbyters canonically resident within certain prescribed limits can, with the laity, constitute a new diocese, and can frame canons, etc. The missionary bishop ceases, ipso facto, to have jurisdiction within the new diocese so formed. The convention of the new diocese can either elect a bishop, or ask, pro tempore, the missionary bishop to continue to officiate as their bishop. But they can, whenever they like, choose a bishop, and when one is so chosen, the missionary bishop ceases to have any connection with them. The convention may choose the missionary bishop as their diocesan, though he must still continue to act as missionary bishop over the country or district not included within the new diocese. The Liberians have now constituted themselves into a diocese. In April, 1862, Bishop Payne, the American missionary bishop in Liberia, called the clergy to meet at Cape Palmas for the purpose of organizing the church. His wish, however, to effect such an organization as would place the Liberian Church under the general convention of the United States of America, was deemed to be impracticable, and the result of the meeting was simply the formation of a General Missionary Convocation. An entirely independent church organization was effected in February, 1863, by a unanimous vote of the Liberian clergy and lay delegates assembled in general council at Monrovia. By this act the American missionary bishop ceased to have any jurisdiction within the newly formed diocese; but continued to be "Missionary Bishop to Cape Palmas (where he resides) and parts adjacent." The Liberian convention requested him "to continue his episcopal supervision of the church in Liberia, and to perform episcopal offices where they may be needed throughout the country." Bishop Payne consented to this request. The most important points of the new church constitution of Liberia are as fol lows: The constitution divides Liberia, prospectively, into four sees, as the republic has four counties. When four presbyters reside in a county, they can, i. e. a majority, organize a diocesan synod. But six resident presbyters in a diocese are requisite to elect a bishop. The clergy in one or more counties can unite and form a diocese. The committee of convocation adopted the American prayer book as a whole. At the annual meeting of the Board of Missions of the American Church, a special report on the new church organization in Libe ria was submitted by Bishop Burgess. In this report, which was unanimously adopted, the desire was expressed that the attempt to form an independent communion in Liberia should be postponed until a fuller opportunity was obtained for consultation. The report regretted that the steps for the formation of an independent church had been so hastily taken, and expressed the opinion that clergymen, forming such independent church, must necessarily cease to become missionaries of the Foreign Committee. The foundation of the Protestant Episcopal Church in Hayti was laid in 1862 by Rev. J. S. Holly, a colored minister of the church in the United States. Mr. Holly established in 1863 a church at the capital, Port au Prince. In October, 1863, Bishop Lee, of Delaware, sailed for Hayti to survey the field with a view to the permanent establishment of a mission in con nection with the Protestant Episcopal Church of the United States. The organization of an independent "Protestant Episcopal Church of the Confederate States" led to some important complications. The question arose, whether the parishes in the new State of West Virginia, being in connection with the Church of the United States, remained under the jurisdiction of the Bishop of Virginia at Richmond, who claimed to be no longer a bishop of the United States but of the Church of the Confederate States. The opinions of the church papers greatly differed on this subject, and some of them protested against the exercise by Bishop McIlvaine, of Ohio, of episcopal functions in West Virginia. The Church Almanac, for 1864, contains the following table of church statistics of the Episcopal Church of the United States: The 28th annual meeting of the Board of Missions was held at Providence, Rhode Island, on October 7th, 8th, and 9th. The receipts of the Domestic Committee were reported to have been $37,458.05, exceeding those of last year by $2,134.14. The receipts of the Jersey Committee were $54,260.07, an increase over the previous year of $3,687.89. It was resolved to establish a mission at Santa Fé, New Mexico, on the associate or collegiate plan, with a view to the organization of schools of both sexes, and to the gradual development of itinerant work throughout that territory. The fourth annual meeting of the American Church Missionary Society took place at Philadelphia, October 15th. This society employed 38 missionaries in 1863, 10 more than last year, and its receipts during the year amounted to $19,189.41. The 37th annual report of the Protestant Episcopal Church Union and Church Book Society, records an improvement in the financial condition of the society within the past year, amounting to $10,000, exclusive of the amount received for the building fund, $2,922. The Society for the Increase of the Ministry, which was organized about six years ago, but has been active only four years, reported an increase in funds of $9,800, the largest sum ever received by the society during a single year. The Evangelical Knowledge Society held its sixteenth annual meeting at Philadelphia, on October 14th. Its receipts during the past year were $28,171; the property of the society amounts to $52,860. The whole number of tracts issued by the society is now 541; the number of prayer books issued in four years, 105,982. The Church of England continued during the year 1863 to be agitated by the excitement which the books of Bishop Colenso had produced. Although there was at first a general doubt how it ought to deal with him, there was also a general expression of opinion among the clergy that something should be done to vindicate the orthodoxy of the church. Several of the bishops denounced, in severe terms, as heterodox the views of Bishop Colenso, and declared that they would not allow him to officiate in their dioceses. On February 6th, a meeting of the bishops belonging to the Convocation of Canterbury took place, at which there was a unanimous condemnation of the book on the Pentateuch. On February 10th, the Convocation of Canterbury met and adopted a resolution, offered by Archdeacon Denison, to pray the Upper House to direct the appointment of a committee to examine the book. The Upper House complied with this request, although the resolution of the Lower House was opposed by the Bishop of London and St. David's. After a long deliberation as to the best course they could adopt, the bishops of England and Ireland agreed to address to Bishop Colenso a joint letter, in which they asked him to resign his see. Only three bishops, those of St. David's, Killaloe, and Limerick, refused to sign or endorse this letter. Bishop Colenso, in reply, assured his brother bishops that he was as fully convinced of the truth of his theological opinions as ever, and therefore refused to resign. The Lower House of the Convocation of York likewise passed strong resolutions of condemnation of the books of Colenso. In May, Archdeacon Denison, in the name of the committee charged with the examination of the books, made a report to the Convocation. The report was adopted, and a resolution was passed, requesting the Upper House to take such steps thereupon as they might deem expedient. The bishops agreed upon a judgment, and communicated it to the Lower House, that "the book of the Bishop of Natal involves errors of the gravest and most dangerous character, subversive of faith in the Bible as the Word of God." The Lower House unanimously accepted and concurred in the judgment. After this the excitement produced by the books began to subside. Toward the close of the year, the Bishop of Capetown, who is metropolitan of the African bishoprics of the Church of England, summoned Bishop Colenso before the tribunal of the synod of African bishops. The synod was opened on October 17th, but Dr. Colenso refused to attend, and entered a protest against the jurisdiction of the tribunal. Another great controversy of the church, relating to the work called "Essays and Reviews (see CYCLOPÆDIA for 1862, p. 719), was brought before the Queen's privy council, two of the essayists, Dr. Williams and Mr. Wilson, having appealed from the decision of the Court of Arches, which, in 1862, had suspended them for one year from their benefices. The arguments before the committee of the Privy Council were concluded on June 26th, but by the end of the year the decision of the council, which will be final, had not been announced. Against a third one of the essayists, Prof. Jowett, of Oxford, a suit was instituted before a university court, but it was soon abandoned. An agitation of a very different kind sprung up in the Church of England, in consequence of an attempt to establish a kind of monastic order under the name of the Benedictine Brotherhood. So called sisterhoods, resembling in some points the monastic orders of the Roman Church, had been for many years in full operation in the church, and even received the warm approbation of the Convocation of Canterbury. The first attempt to reestablish a monastic community of men was made by Rev. Mr. Lyne, or, as he now calls himself, with his monastic name, "Brother Ignatius." He was born November 23d, 1837, in London, and ordained on December 23d, 1860, on which occasion he took solemn mental vows to lead the life of a monk. He formed a society of young men and boys living in the world, but bound by certain rules. It was called the "Society of the Love of Jesus," and numbered nearly forty. Miss Sellon, the su perior of the English sisterhoods, perceiving the young deacon's aim, gave him a house in which to commence a resident brotherhood. After a severe and almost fatal sickness, he spent eight months upon the European continent. While abroad he sought every opportunity of ascertaining the working of the monastic system, and, to use his own words, he "found it a most complete and miraculous success. On his return to England, in July, 1862, he labored for some time in London; from thence he went to Claydon, because the rector of Claydon and some of the inhabitants of Ipswich begged him to locate his infant community in their neighborhood. The enterprise met with great opposition. The Bishop of Norwich, to whose diocese Claydon belongs, commenced proceedings against the rector of Claydon, for having allowed Brother Ignatius, contrary to the bishop's prohibition, to officiate in Claydon church. This case was to be tried before the Court of Arches. The Bishop of Exeter also prohibited the clergy of his diocese from permitting Brother Ignatius to officiate in any of their churches. Brother Ignatius, in a sermon, preached on December 20th, 1863, in London, stated that his community of "Benedictine Brothers" now numbered twelve, and that they intended to build a house, consisting of a retreat for parish clergy, who may desire rest, the brothers undertaking to do their duty while they were recruiting their strength; a home for decayed old men, who have labored in the service of the church; and a college for instructing youth on the principles of the Church of England. They required from £30,000 to £40,000, of which they had received £10,000. The movement for opening communication with the Russian Church continued both in the Protestant Episcopal Church of this country, and in the Episcopal churches of England and Scotland. (See ANNUAL CYCLOPÆDIA for 1862, p. 718.) The joint committee, appointed for this purpose by the General Convention of the Church of the United States, consisting of Bishops De Lancey, Williams, and Whitehouse, of the Rev. Drs. Mahan and Thrall, the Rev. J. F. Young Mr. Samuel B. Ruggles, and Mr. S. Eliott, did not deem themselves authorized to make any proposition for joint action to the Convocations of the English Church, as they were only instructed by the General Convention to collect information, and consider the expediency of communication with the Russian Church; but, at a meeting held on April 16th, 1863, at New York, they unanimously passed a resolution that "the Secretary of the committee be requested to correspond with the Rev. George Williams, of King's College, Cambridge (the chief promoter of the movement in England), and to express to him and through him, at his discretion, to the Convocation of Canterbury, the gratification of this committee at the interest they have expressed in the object we have in view; with the assurance to Mr. Williams that, while the committee are not in a position formally to approach ConVocation on the subject, they will be glad to give a full and respectful consideration to any action or communication on the part of the Convocation." In England, the Bishop of Oxford, on July 1st, 1863, presented to the Upper House of the Convocation of Canterbury, a petition resolved upon by the Lower House of the Convocation, in February, to the effect that the House of Bishops may use their endeavors to bring about such intercommunion. The Bishop of Oxford, after presenting the petition, moved that the President of the Convocation (the Archbishop of Canterbury) be requested to direct the Lower House to appoint a committee to communicate with the committee appointed by the General Convention of the Bishops and Clergy of the United States of America as to intercommunion with the Russo-Greek Church, and to communicate the result to the Convocation at a future session. The motion was unanimously adopted, and pursuant to it, the Lower House appointed a committee, consisting of the Archdeacon of Berks (Bickersteth), the Archdeacon of Taunton (Denison), Dr. Leighton, Lord A. Compton, Sir G. Prevost, Chancellor Massingberd, and the Rev. Messrs. passed resolutions in favor of intercommunion had been passed by the synod of Aberdeen. byterian) an interesting movement sprung up in died in the city of New York, March 5th, 1863, ANTHON, JOHN, LL.D., an American jurist, in the 80th year of his age. Mr. Anthon was the second son of George of the city of New York, and was born at DeChristian Anthon, M.D., an eminent physician troit in the year 1784. He received his diplolege in the year 1801, graduating at the head ma as Bachelor of Arts from Columbia Colof his class; and the honorary degree of LL.D. was conferred upon him in 1861 by the same institution. Immediately after graduating, Mr. Anthon commenced the study of the law, in the office of Mr. Hopkins, an eminent legal practitioner of that day, and, upon attaining his majority, was admitted to practice in the Supreme Court of this State. manded a company of militia, stationed near Fort During the war of 1812, Mr. Anthon comHamilton, at the Narrows, for the defence of the city of New York; and for a short time acted as regimental paymaster; he was also frequently employed, during the same period, as judgeadvocate. With these exceptions he devoted himself with the utmost assiduity to the pracof him by one of his contemporaries that "he tice of his profession, and it has been said tried more causes than any man that ever lived." He declined several flattering offers of judicial position, and was never tempted to turn aside from the useful paths of professional life in search of political honors. York owes its existence to the efforts of Mr. The Supreme Court of the City of New Anthon, who, at an early day, perceived the necessity for the establishment of a great mercantile tribunal, and successfully urged upon the Legislature the wants of the city of New York, in this respect. He was also one of the founders of the New York Law Institute, and held the office of president of that corporation at the time of his death. In his legal writings, and in his reported arguments, Mr. Anthon displayed great power of analysis, and was remarkable for the facility with which he grasped the true point involved in obscure and difficult questions, and the clearness and perspicuity with which he set forth his own conclusions. municant of the Protestant Episcopal Church, |