of modified men; the type from which they | tion of life, articles to which he was formerly a originated yielding helplessly to the powers stranger. operating upon it, and suffering variations not Those improved means of locomotion likewise only in complexion, but in interior constitution stimulate all classes to travel. In America a too. And since the American continent not journey of a thousand miles is considered, even only rivals, but exceeds the continent of Europe by the laboring population, as a small affair in these differences, it necessarily follows that scarce needing any preparation. The necessary the families of modified men destined eventually result of such personal mobility is, that families to be found upon it will be correspondingly more are perpetually changing their place of abode. numerous than those now found on the Conti-The physiological equilibrium which might have nent of Europe. The great differences so strik-been attained by a more stationary life is proingly observed in the intellectual conceptions, and even in the manner of thinking, in the Old World, will be exceeded in the New.

crastinated. Society presents the aspect of an ever-changing, ever-struggling mass-a state of things the very opposite to that observed in Asia. Uniformity of climate makes people homogeneous. They will necessarily think alike, and inevitably act alike.

Where variation in successive generations is not taking place, immobility in national institu tions is possible.

The first and most important condition for the prosperity of a great nation is stability in its institutions.

But stability must be carefully distinguished from immobility. We must bear in mind that the affairs of men are ever changing; successive generations live under essentially different conditions; public necessities are therefore continually varying, and disorder arises as soon as Institutions prescribe one course and Necessity demands another.

That social stagnation so characteristic of Asia depends primarily on the equilibrium that has been attained, in the lapse of many ages, between the strands of its population and the climate zones in which they dwell. To no insignificant extent may the same be perceived in Europe, especially among the lower, that is, among the less locomotive portion of the inhabitants. But in no part of America has that exact concordance as yet had time or opportunity to be truly established, though in the Southern States an approach has been made to it. Moreover, the climate is continually undergoing local modifications through the operations of agricultural and other causes, and the conditions under which life is carried on in civilized communities are varying through the introduction of new and important inventions. The To insure stability, the political system must construction of houses, and the means of com- therefore admit of change-that change being bating the rigors of winter by the better warm- in accordance with a law of variation which deing of them; the increasing resort to a preserva-pends on a fixed principle. Unchangeability tion of ice, to meet in various applications the should belong to the law, not to the institutions heats of summer; a habit of resorting to higher issuing from it. and cooler regions for the same purpose, are all In that manner alone can order and progress having their effect. And, what is of not less coexist, and the demand made by modern statesimportance, the daily food of extensive districts manship with so much solicitude be satisfied. is changing. Improved means of locomotion It truly affirms that there can be no real Order are bringing within the reach of the consumer, without Progress, and no real Progress without even though he may be in the less affluent sta-Order.

Monthly Record of Current

UNITED STATES.

Events.

memory of the first two martyrs of the war- Luther

UR Record closes on the 6th of July. The C. Ladd and Addison O. Whitney, two volunteers,

great enthusiasm throughout the whole country.

of in

of Baltimore on the 19th of April, 1861.

The leading topic of interest during the month has been the carrying out of the policy of reconstruction upon the general basis of the President's Amnesty Proclamation, and his directions to the Provisional Governor of North Carolina, which were noted in our last Record.

One of the most interesting celebrations of the day was that at Gettysburg, where was laid the corner-stone of the monument in memory of the soldiers who fell in the great battle fought there just two years before. The oration was delivered by General Howard, who acted a prominent part in the battle. Its general theme was a glowing The position of the States more or less involved eulogy of the "private volunteer as the represent-in secession differs widely. Kentucky and Misative of the American soldier." A poem was recited by Charles G. Halpine, Esq., late Major in the army. On the 10th of June monuments were erected on the field of the battles fought near Bull Run on the 21st of July, 1861, and on the 28th, 29th, and 30th of August 1862.-On the 17th of June a monument was consecrated at Lowell, Massachusetts, to the

souri, though nominally represented in the Richmond Congress, have never formally seceded. Loyal governments have always maintained their supremacy in these States, and their authority is unquestioned. Thomas E. Bramlette is Governor of Kentucky, and Thomas C. Fletcher of Missouri. In Virginia there has always been nominally a

loyal State government, though its authority has surrectionary States. The General Government been practically extended over only a small part of does not undertake to give them the right of sufthe State. This government is recognized as be- frage, leaving that to the decision of the several ing, and having been, the real government of Vir- States. Their personal status is defined by an orginia, not including the new State of West Vir- der issued at Richmond on the 23d of June by Gen ginia; Francis H. Pierpont is Governor. In Ten- eral Terry, the commander of that department. nessee, a loyal government, William G. Brownlow The order says that the laws of the State of Virbeing Governor, has for some time been in opera-ginia and the ordinances of the different munici tion, superseding the military organization estab-palities made to restrain the personal liberty of lished by President Lincoln, in which Andrew John- free colored persons were essentially a part of the son, now President of the United States, was Gov- slave code, and have become obsolete with that ernor. The authority of this government is un- code; "people of color will henceforth enjoy the questioned. In Louisiana and Arkansas loyal same personal liberty that other inhabitants and State governments have been established in a some- citizens enjoy; they will be subject to the same what irregular manner; but it seems certain that restraints and to the same punishments for crime their authority will not be called in question. that are imposed upon whites, and to no others;" James M. Wells is the Governor of Louisiana, and vagrancy will not, however, be permitted, and neiJohn Murphy of Arkansas. ther whites nor blacks will be permitted to desert There remain the seven States, Alabama, Flori- their families and roam in idleness about the counda, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, South try; but neither whites nor blacks will be restrainCarolina, and Texas, in which the State authority ed from seeking employment, nor from traveling is to be for the time invested in Provisional Gov- from place to place on proper and legitimate busiernors appointed by the President. Such a Gov-ness; and "until the civil tribunals are re-estab ernor has been appointed in each of these States lished the administration of civil justice must of except Florida, as follows: North Carolina, WILLIAM W. HOLDEN, May 29; Mississippi, WILLIAM L. SHARKEY, June 13; Georgia, JAMES JOHNSON, June 17; Texas, ANDREW J. HAMILTON, June 17; Alabama, LEWIS E. PARSONS, June 21: South Carolina, BENJAMIN F. PERRY, July 1. The proclamations appointing all these Governors are identical in terms with that for North Carolina, of which the important features were given in our Record for July.

necessity be by military courts, and before such courts the evidence of colored persons will be received in all cases."-Colonel Brown, Assistant Commissioner in the Bureau of Refugees, Freed. men, and Abandoned Lands, for Virginia, has issued an address to the freedmen, in which he says that the difference between their present and former condition is that formerly their labor was di. rected and the proceeds taken by their masters, who also cared for them; now they were to direct On the 7th of June the Attorney-General of the their own labor, receive the proceeds, and care for United States issued a circular notifying all persons themselves. They are exhorted to be industrious belonging to the classes specially exempted from and frugal, since they had no masters to provide the general amnesty proclaimed by the President, for them in sickness and old age. "You are not that their applications for special pardon must be to suppose that your former masters have become presented in writing, and that before these could your enemies because you have become free. All be considered they must have taken the oath pre- good men among them will recognize your new rescribed in the proclamation. A large number of lations to them as free laborers. If others fail to such applications, from men who have borne a recognize your right to equal freedom with white prominent part in the rebellion, has been present-persons you will find the Government, through this ed; but action has as yet been had upon only a few of these applications.

The various restrictions upon travel and traffic rendered necessary by the exigencies of the war have been one after another revoked. That requiring passports from travelers entering the United States was rescinded by an order from the Secretary of State; but a proviso was added that nothing in the order should relieve from due accountability any enemies of the United States or offenders against their peace and dignity who may hereafter seek to enter the country, and be at any time found within its legal jurisdiction.-By an order of the President, issued June 23, the blockade of the Southern ports was rescinded, and all the ports of the country were declared open to foreign commerce after the 1st of July.-By a proclamation of the 24th of June all restrictions upon internal and coastwise commerce between the States lying east and west of the Mississippi are removed, except those relating to property heretofore purchased by the agents or captured by United States forces, and the transportation on private account of arms and ammunition, of gray uniforms and the gray cloth of which they are made.

The political status of the freedmen of the South is for the present defined by the proclamations appointing Provisional Governors in the several in

Bureau, as ready to secure to you as to them liberty and justice." They are informed that schools will be established for them under the protection of Government; but that the special care which the Government now exercises over them will soon be withdrawn, and they will be left to work and provide for themselves. If they are in a location where work is to be had they are advised to remain where they are; they are reminded that, owing to the unsettled state of the country, work is scarce, and the chances are against finding constant employment at high wages. The address concludes thus: "Be quiet, peaceable, and law-abiding citi-* zens. Be industrious, be frugal, and the glory of passing successfully from slavery to freedom will, by the blessing of God, be yours.'

There is every indication that the great body of the Southern population of every class are disposed to accept as among the issues decided by the late war the absolute supremacy of the Union and the entire abolition of slavery. Many of the promi nent military, civil, and religious leaders have issued addresses urging upon the people to submit peaceably to the new order of things; to remain quietly at their homes, fulfill all the duties of citizens, and endeavor by industry to repair the rav ages to which their section of the country has been subjected. Not a few of them take the open ground

that the abolition of slavery will, in the long-run, be of great advantage to the South.

The number of Confederate prisoners discharged under the general order given in our last Record amounted, as far as reports had been received up to July 3, to 42,796; of these 1106 were captains, 3382 lieutenants, 5582 non-commissioned officers, 32,726 privates.

John C. Breckinridge, once Vice-President of the United States, and late Confederate Secretary of War. has escaped. After separating from Davis he made his way, with two or three companions, to the Florida Coast, where they procured a small open boat, in which they reached Cardenas, in Cuba, and thence proceeded to Havana, where they arrived on the 17th of June.

The decision of the Military Court for the trial of the conspirators, having been approved by the President, was announced on the 6th of July. Payne, Harold, Atzerott, and Mrs. Surratt were sentenced to be hung on the 7th; Mudd, Arnold, and O'Laughlin to be imprisoned for life; Spangler to be confined at hard labor in the Penitentiary for six years.

SOUTHERN AMERICA.

In Mexico the Republican Government of Juarez has for months kept up a desultory contest with the Imperial Government of Maximilian. Not withstanding partial and isolated successes, and the hopes entertained of assistance, either direct or indirect, from the United States, there can be little doubt that the Imperialists have retained the decided advantage, backed up, as they undoubtedly are, by the assurances of support from the Emperor of France. The speedy capture of Juarez or his flight from the country is now confidently expected. The Emperor Maximilian has issued an important notice to his Minister of Public Instruction. "Religion," he says, "is a matter of conscience for each individual, and the less the State meddles with religious questions the more faithful is it to its mission. We have emancipated the Church and conscience, and I desire to secure to the former the full enjoyment of her legitimate rights, and at the same time entire liberty in the education of her priests, according to her own rules, without any state mterference; but she has likewise duties which she must perform-such as religious instruction, a duty

in which the clergy of the country, unfortunately, have taken little or no part hitherto. Consequently, in your projects and proposals you will adhere to the principle, that religious instruction in the primary and secondary schools shall be given by the priest of the parish, using the books selected by the Government."

In Hayti an attempt at revolution was made during the month of May, but at the latest dates it had been nearly suppressed.-The Spanish troops have abandoned the Dominican Republic, on the southern part of the island, which was some time since formally "reannexed" to Spain.

The civil war which has been raging in the Republic of Salvador has come to an end by the defeat of General Cabanas.

A treaty has been confirmed between Honduras and the United States; the main provision relates to the interoceanic railway from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Honduras agrees that the right of transit shall be open for all lawful purposes to the Government and citizens of the United States; and the United States guarantee to protect the same from interruption, seizure, and confiscation from any quarter.

War has been declared between Paraguay and the Argentine Republic. Brazil is also in a state of war with Paraguay.

EUROPE.

The Governments of France, England, Spain, Italy, and the Netherlands have formally withdrawn the recognition of belligerent rights accorded to the Southern Confederacy, and with them the restrictions upon our men-of-war in their ports.-The English and French statesmen and press urge that leniency, if not actual pardon, should be extended to Jefferson Davis and other Southern leaders.-A renewed attempt to lay a telegraphic cable across the Atlantic is about to be made. The cable is now on board the Great Eastern, which will be escorted by two British war-steamers. The day of sailing is fixed for the 10th of July.-From France the most important items are the announcement that the Emperor will uphold Maximilian in Mexico; and a quarrel between the Emperor and Prince Napoleon, growing out of a declaration made by the latter in favor of the "Monroe doctrine."

Literary Notices.

Thoughts on the Future Civi Policy of America. | effects of immigration from Europe and Asia and By JOHN WILLIAM DRAPER, M.D.. LL.D. The between the States are considered, in the light of cardinal idea in Professor Draper's philosophy is history and philosophy. Chapter III. is devoted that the universe is governed by fixed and immu- to the consideration of the political force of ideas; table Law. Nations, like every thing else, are the impelling power being illustrated in the case subject to law; they, like all other forms of life, of Mohammedanism, the resisting power by that are transitory. The great physical law governing of the Jews; the conclusion being drawn that Man all organized life, whether vegetable, animal, or may comprehend Nature and subjugate physical human, is that of climate. In the opening chapter forces. The ecclesiastical causes of European opof this work the influence of climate upon the char- position to science are explained, and the duty of acter of the people of America, and by consequence America to develop and protect free thought is enupon its political institutions and national life, is forced. The concluding chapter sets forth the natconsidered; and the conclusion is drawn that per-ural course of national development, which is shown sonal locomotion-the inter-emigration of the peo- to involve a continual tendency to the concentration ple of different sections counteracting in a measure the effects of climate-is especially necessary to insure the stability of our political institutions. Passing on, in Chapter II., the social and political

of power, and the conferring of control upon intelligence. The European method of government through morals, and the American mode through the intellect, are compared and illustrated by the

come up for discussion, the affairs of the general Government and of the separate States, and those of foreign countries, besides full accounts of the progress of Art, Science, and Discovery in all parts of the world. Many of the articles are full and exhaustive treatises upon the subjects to which they relate. The work is edited with great labor, and with commendable impartiality. It is indispensable as a work of reference. (D. Appleton and Company.)

The Story of the Great March, by Brevet-Major GEORGE WARD NICHOLS. The Great March is, of course, that of Sherman from the heart of Ten

history of England and that of the United States. | the war, the various questions of policy which have This tendency toward concentration of power is shown to be the legitimate and unavoidable result of democratic institutions. These are a few of the salient points of this thoughtful and eloquent work, which forms a fitting complement to the author's masterly"History of the Intellectual Development of Europe." Science, History, and Philosophy are brought into requisition to elucidate and confirm the principles laid down. The style of the work is worthy of the thought which it embodies; truths in science, facts in history, speculations in philosophy, are set forth in sentences instinct with life and warm with poetic feeling. In another part of this Magazine will be found a small portion of the chap-nessee, through Georgia and South Carolina, to the ter upon the Influence of Climate upon National Development. A score of other passages, interesting in themselves, and still more so as links in a great chain of argument, might have been given. Among these are those relating to the development of the civilization of Egypt and of Asia, the contrasted history of Mohammedanism and of the Jews, the rise and progress of the cultivation and manufacture of cotton, and sketches of scientific discoveries and useful inventions. (Harper and Brothers.)

etc.

heart of North Carolina. The history of our war has many great raids, many great battles, many great campaigns; but this is emphatically the great "march." Not only is it our great march, but it is the world's great march. No army ever passed successfully so many miles through a hostile country. Napoleon's march from the Niemen to Moscow and back was longer, but it ended at the Beresina, with himself almost the sole survivor of his great army. Sherman's march ended at Raleigh History of the United States Cavalry. By ALBERT only because there was no enemy to call him furG. BRACKETT, Major First United States Cavalry, ther. Thence to Washington it was not a march, "The cavalry service of the United States," but a triumphal progress. The story of this march, says the author, "has never been properly appre-written day by day in the diary of an aid-de-camp ciated." This was certainly true up to the beginning of the second year of the war. In December, 1861, when the organization of the Army of the Potomac was under consideration, the Committee on the Conduct of the War, considering this arm of the service a "very expensive one," asked the opinion of various Generals in regard to the cavalry force required for that army of more than 150,000 men, of whom less than 15,000 were cavalry. Richardsen thought that a large number could not be used; the regular cavalry would have been quite sufficient; they were wanted merely as advanced guards, and to carry reports and messages. Heintzelman believed that one-half the number would have been quite sufficient. Franklin had in his division one regiment of cavalry, and would be glad to get rid of two-thirds of it; he thought 2000 would be quite enough for the whole army. M'Dowell thought six regiments would be enough for that army: and so on. How greatly this feeling has changed is evinced by the fact that toward the close of the rebellion our mounted force had become greater than that of any other nation upon earth. Major Brackett has done a good service in preparing this comprehensive history of our cavalry from the formation of the Federal Government down to the present time. He shows that in every period of our military history this arm has done good service. One sentence, written before Sheridan's name had become a household word, reads now like fulfilled prophecy. "Our cavalry soldiers," he says, "are becoming better every year, and it is safe to say that the finishing blows to the rebellion will be dealt by them." Apart from other points of inter-ness, and heroism of the black men," writes Major est, this work has a special value as giving a connected account of the famous "raids" which so severely crippled the Confederates by destroying their supplies and cutting off their communications. (Harper and Brothers.)

The American Annual Cyclopædia, for 1864, is -like the three volumes which have preceded ita valuable register of the important events of the year. It presents a full resumé of the progress of

of the great commander, is wonderfully vivid. It is not a mere dry, technical detail of strategical operations, orders, and dispatches; but a living and moving picture of events, and of the men who made them; from the General in command down to the veriest "bummer" outside the ranks. On the other side, we have a few planters arrogant in defeat, their wives and daughters arrogant and bitter; the "poor whites"-mostly women or old men, for all of this class who could carry arms had been dragged into the field-gazing in stupid dismay at the immense column piercing its unstayed way past their huts; and the inevitable negro, who hailed in it the saviour of himself and his children. "The poor whites," said one of that class, "aren't allowed to live here in South Carolina; the rich folks allers charges us with sellin' things to the niggers; so they won't let us own land, but drives us about from place to place. I never owned a foot of land in all my life, and I was born and raised in this State. They hate the sight of us poor whites!" "And yet," replied the Major, "you are the class that are now furnishing the rank and file of their armies. How absurd that is." "It mought be so," answered the man, with a vacant, listless stare. The chance sketches which Major Nichols gives of the negroes are worthy the attention of those who are studying the great social and political problem of the day. They seemed to him far more alert, witty, and sensible than the lower class of the whites who were left behind on the abandoned lands. Of their loyalty and simple trust in their deliverers there can now be no doubt. "The faith, earnest

Nichols, "is one of the grandest developments of this war. When I think of the universal testimony of our escaped soldiers, who enter our lines every day, that in hundreds of miles which they traverse on their way they never ask the poor slave in vain for help; that the poorest negro hides and shelters them, and shares the last crumb with them-all this impresses me with a weight of obligation and a love for them that stir the very depth of my soul."

It is to be noted that among the children of the poor whites there seemed no special lack of intelligence. The hard life of the adults seems to have checked their development. When the final results of the war come to be summed up, it will be found that not the least of them will be the practical enfranchisement of the "poor whites" of the South. Taken all in all, we consider this the most valuable work of its class for which the war has furnished occasion. (Harper and Brothers.)

The grand old hymn O Mother dear, Jerusalem! furnishes the theme for an admirable monograph by WILLIAM C. PRIME. It commences with an introduction setting forth the dim guessings respecting the future life which prevailed in the anteChristian world, then follow passages from the Latin Fathers and Hymnists, containing the ore from which a Scottish clergyman, David Dickson, more than two centuries ago, wrought out the hymn as it now stands. Foremost among these is the Laus Patriæ Coelestis" of Bernard de Clugny, being a portion of his long poem on the Contempt of the World. The similar hymn familiar under different versions, from its first line "Jerusalem my happy home," is traced back still further. The first known appearance of a part of it in print was in 1693; but Dr. Bonar discovered it in a MS. in the British Museum, written probably a century before, where it consists of twenty-six stanzas, and is entitled "A Song by F. B. P. to the Tune of Diana." Portions of this, consisting of six or eight stanzas, have for a century found a place in a great number of collections with more or less alteration, generally for the worse. To those who prize the hymn from these extracts, the whole of F. B. P.'s "Jerusalem my happy home," and the still finer "O Mother dear, Jerusalem," can not fail to be most welcome. (Published by A. D. F. Randolph.)

The Rebellion Record, edited by FRANK MOORE. In the seventh volume the Diary of Events is brought down to nearly the close of the year 1863. The collection of Documents includes a large proportion of the official reports and other accredited papers, which form the essential materials from which the History of the War must be written. This work, of great worth from the outset, increases in value as the documents which form its substantial part become more and more accessible. These are collected with great care and accurately printed, often with the revisal of the authors. The Index, indispensable to a work of this kind, is so full and well arranged that any document or report may be easily found. The work is in every way admirably executed. (Published by D. Van Nostrand.)

BEEKMAN DOCHARTY, embodies in a compact form the substance of the author's instructions as Professor of Mathematics in the New York Free Academy, where it has been adopted as a text-book. While it does not pretend to point out a royal road through the mysteries of the high and abstruse sciences of which it treats, it aims with marked success to render the path of the student as smooth and easy as the nature of the subjects will admit. (Harper and Brothers.)

A Treatise on Astronomy, by ELIAS LOOMIS, Professor of Natural Philosophy and Astronomy in Yale College, is specially designed as a text-book for colleges and academies. It treats more at length than is usual in this class of books upon such subjects as the constitution of the sun, the condition of the moon's surface, the phenomena of eclipses, the law of tides, and the constitution of comets. A popular interest is thus given to it without at all impairing its strict scientific accuracy. The work will thus be found not only useful but interesting to those who, having gone through the forms of edu cation in or out of college, wish to make themselves acquainted with the present state of the science of astronomy. (Harper and Brothers.)

MARTELL'S New York Central Park gives an excellent view of this pride of the metropolis as it would appear to the eye of a person who could sur. vey its whole extent from a balloon. Its scale is so large that every road and avenue, every drive and walk is clearly recognizable; while it gives, what no mere map can even attempt, a fair idea of the natural scenery of the Park, and even of the bridges, viaducts, and other artificial structures which form its distinguishing ornaments. The picture will be acceptable not only to the citizen of the metropolis, but to all who wish to appreciate one of the most notable public works of any age or country.

Timby's Solar Time-piece is a successful endeavor to combine important geographical and astronomical uses with the function common to all clocks of pointing out the time of day at any particular spot for which it may be set. A map of the world drawn upon a flat projection necessarily gives a distorted idea of the actual configuration of our earth, of the relation of the different hemispheres, and of the relative size of the regions near the equator and the poles. This can only be shown by an artificial globe. In this time-piece an ordinary dial shows the hour of day or night; but joined to this is a six-inch globe, revolving from west to east once in twenty-four hours, precisely as the earth does. As on the earth it is noon at any place where the sun is directly overhead, so it is noon at every place As a contemporary history of the war, and of the on the globe which lies on a meridian directly uncountry in war times, Harper's Weekly deservedly der the index, and by counting the meridians from claims a high place. Its strictly editorial columns this, east and west, the precise time of any place furnish thoughtful essays upon the subjects which can be ascertained. This clock thus shows not only come up for discussion from week to week, and the the time, but also how time, as measured by the news columns give a connected summary of all trans- revolution of the earth, is made. It therefore comes actions of interest. Moreover, almost every scene fairly within the category of literary as well as of made memorable by great events is pictorially rep-mechanical works as a valuable adjunct to educaresented from photographs or drawings made on the tion. (L. E. Whiting.) spot. The collection of portraits, numbering many hundreds, represent a great proportion of the men whose deeds have made them a part of the history of the time. Each volume, as bound, contains the numbers for a year. These volumes, of which eight are completed, are rapidly finding their way, as permanent documents, into public schools and public and private libraries. (Harper and Brothers.) The Elements of Analytical Geometry and of the Differential and Integral Calculus, by GERARDUS

A'Smaller History of Rome, by WILLIAM SMITH, LL.D. Within a very brief compass the leading events in Roman History, as developed by modern research, are clearly stated, and a fair idea is given of the manners, customs, and culture of the people. The work is especially designed as a text-book in schools, for which it is admirably adapted. scholar who wishes to learn more, will need to unlearn nothing which he has been taught in this little History. (Harper and Brothers.)

The