of the most notable citizens of Luray, in Page County, Virginia, and kept them as hostages. They were admitted to his table and decently treated, but for every soldier who fell under the bullets of guerillas, numerous in those parts, and, indeed, at all times of disorder, one of these hostages was to be shot. The order of the day added that guerillas could not maintain their stand were they not encouraged by the citizens of the country. If the pretext urged by Pope had been true, perhaps these measures might have been excusable; but the damage done to railways was the work of Confederate soldiers acting under the orders of their government. It was in cases of legitimate defence that Federal soldiers were slain. The true end of these orders of the day, inspired by the radicals, was to strike terror into the Virginians. The honourable spirit of MacClellan would never have lent itself to such

manœuvres.

But Pope dared still more. He published a new order of the day, directing officers under his command to arrest all the inhabitants of localities occupied by Federal troops. Those of them who consented to pay fealty and homage to the United States, giving sufficient guarantees, would be authorized to remain in their houses. Those, on the contrary, who refused to take the oath demanded would be conducted to the Confederate outposts. They were cautioned that if they reappeared in the neighbourhood of their old dwellings they would be treated as spies, and shot without mercy. Whoever violated the oath taken was likewise Whoever had the least conenemy's lines, whoever was

shot, and all his goods confiscated. nection with persons within the surprised carrying letters or any other communication whatever, was to be treated as a spy.

These measures scattered consternation. To take an oath to the Federal Government filled everybody with horror: exile was complete ruin. Despite all representations made to General Pope, he persisted in his orders. Authorized to live at the expense of the Confederate country, the Northern troops did not

delay to assume habits of pillage much to be regretted. Nothing escaped them. Nothing was left to the unfortunate inhabitants. The greatest trickery the Federal soldiers conceived was to palm off in the district false Confederate bank notes, which the Virginians, unsuspicious of the deceit, eagerly accepted. In order the more effectually to deliver up the conquered country to the brutal appetites of his soldiers, General Pope, by a new order of the day, forbade the placing of sentinels to protect certain estates, which some of the officers had had the delicacy to do.

At length the Confederate Government was obliged to interfere. A proclamation of President Davis, bearing date August 1st, 1862, after having recited all the measures adopted by General Pope, the result of which was to cause a war, hitherto an enterprise against regular troops, to degenerate into an expedition of maurauders, pillagers, and brigands, against peaceable and unarmed citizens occupied in field labours; added that the Confederate Government, influenced by a sentiment of justice and humanity, did not wish to make use of reprisals towards mere Federal soldiers happening to be prisoners, who could only be the involuntary instruments of such cruelties, but that formal orders had been given that Generals Pope and Steinwehr, as well as all the officers serving under these two generals, should no longer be treated as soldiers and exchanged on parole; and, further, that all Federal officers taken after the day of the proclamation should be imprisoned securely, and that in every case where a citizen of the Confederate States was assassinated under any pretext whatever, a Federal officer should be hung for each Confederate shot.

This proclamation produced its effect. On the 15th of August the Federal Government modified its instructions so as to satisfy the legitimate demands of the Confederates. General Pope, indeed, pretended that his orders had been misinterpreted. Be that as it may, the evil was cut at its root. All motives for reprisal having ceased, on the 24th of September, 97 officers

of Pope's army, retained as hostages, were exchanged. But this general had none the less profited by the few days he had had. When his soldiers invaded the Rappahannock district it was full of life and prosperity. On their departure it was nearly a desert, and the inhabitants were reduced to beggary.

As soon as Pope had assembled his 60,000 men, he conducted them, on July 1st, by the Orange and Alexandria Railway, to the Rappahannock, thus menacing Gordonsville and Charlottesville. If he succeeded in occupying these two points, he hoped to intercept Lee's communications with the south-west of Virginia. He established himself at Culpepper, his right extending towards the Blue Ridge, and his left to the Rapidan.

Lee

The Washington Government manifestly sought to mystify General Lee, and leave him in doubt as to the ulterior operations of the Federals. Would MacClellan recommence his attack on Richmond from the James River side, or was the real movement to be made from the north? Without troubling about this matter, the Southern general remained with the bulk of his army under Richmond, contenting himself with sending Jackson, on the 13th of July, with two divisions, in the direction of Gordonsville. prudently observed all that was passing, both on the James and on the Upper Rappahannock. Pope's movement could only be a feint, but on the 27th of July, MacClellan still giving no signs of life, A. P. Hill's division was detached to support Jackson, while General D. H. Hill, on the south bank of the James, disturbed General MacClellan's communications both by his evolutions and the fire of his artillery.

But the time was approaching when it would be necessary for the Federals to unmask their real design. On the 2nd of August,

Jackson took the offensive by attacking the enemy at Orange Court House. On August 5th, MacClellan made a vigorous demonstration against the Confederate lines to hinder Lee from sending new reinforcements to his lieutenant. The Federals were massed in close column on Malvern Hill, where they drew up in

order of battle, as if MacClellan's intention were to renew his march on Richmond. Lee immediately accepted the challenge, and a trifling engagement took place at Curl's Neck. The next morning the Federal army had disappeared, and it became plain that all this show of force had been but a feint.

This situation lasted till the middle of August, when Lee learnt most positively that the fleet bringing General Burnside and his troops, who were returning from the coasts of Carolina, were directed towards the Rappahannock to reinforce Pope. Henceforward it was clear that the true movement was to be on this side.

Jackson had just struck the enemy a formidable blow, energetically co-operating, as was his wont, in the general plan. MacClellan had endeavoured to retain Lee before Richmond ; Jackson, on the other hand, hastened the recall of MacClellan's army by a vigorous combat which he had with the Federals. He crossed the Rapidan at the head of his three divisions, and, on August the 9th, attacked Pope's van at Cedar Run. The contest was obstinate. At one period Jackson's left suffered much, but at night the action was terminated by the retreat of the Federals, and the Confederate General remained master of the battle-field. He had, however, but few forces to maintain himself against the bulk of the hostile army which was advancing; there was nothing for him, therefore, but to retire behind the Rapidan, into the vicinity of Gordonsville, where General Lee soon rejoined him with the greater part of the Confederate army.

Jackson's vigorous demonstration seriously disturbed the Federal staff. General Halleck immediately recalled General MacClellan, and ordered him to join General Pope as soon as possible. Thus the combat at Cedar Run had at one and the same time stopped Pope's march and delivered Richmond from the presence of MacClellan.

The theatre of war was about to change. We must turn our look to other districts in order to appreciate the magnificent

campaigns of the summer and autumn of 1862, in Southern Virginia and Maryland.

Lee had, as we know, conducted all his military operations with the greatest prudence, determined to allow his opponents to take no advantage, and to remain firm under the walls of the Confederate capital till all danger had passed. The junction of Burnside and Pope relieved him for the future from taking so many precautions. Besides, the numerous reinforcements sent by MacClellan to Pope's army indicated very clearly the plans of the Washington Cabinet. "It appeared evident," said General Lee, "that all movements on the James had been abandoned." Whence he sagaciously concluded that the surest means of succouring Richmond was to augment Jackson's troops, and force Pope back beyond the Rappahannock. Lee in this gave proof of military talents of a superior order. He took in at a glance-and this constitutes clear foresight-what was to be done, and displayed that. resolution which executes without hesitation.

He gave orders to Longstreet's division, and the two brigades under General Hood, to leave Richmond on the 13th, and march to Gordonsville. Stuart was to leave at Fredericksburg a corps of cavalry sufficient to watch the enemy and guard the central railway, and to put the rest of his cavalry at General Jackson's disposal. The two divisions of D. H. Hill and MacLaws, two brigades under General Walker, and the cavalry brigade under General Hampton, remained on the James to watch the Federals.

Longstreet reached Gordonsville on the 15th of August. Lee closely followed him. On the 16th the Federal army approached the Rapidan. The Confederate general-in-chief lost not an instant in disposing his forces so as to turn it. Stuart was ordered to cross the river on the extreme Federal right, to burn the railway bridge of the Rappahannock on the line of communication between. Pope and Washington, to destroy the permanent way and telegraph, and take his course towards Culpepper Court House in the rear of the Federal army. Longstreet, with the Confederate right wing,