agitation has not only not ceased, but has constantly augmented. In my opinion, it will not cease till a crisis shall have been reached and passed. 'A house divided against itself cannot stand.' I believe that this Government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free. It will become all one thing, or all the other. Either the opponents of slavery will arrest the further spread of it, and place it where the public mind shall rest in the belief that it is in the course of ultimate extinction, or its advocates will push it forward till it shall become alike lawful in all the States, old as well as new, North as well as South."

Now you all see, from that quotation, I did not express my wish on anything. In that passage, I indicated no wish or purpose of my own; I simply expressed my expectation. Cannot the Judge perceive a distinction between a purpose and an expectation? I have often expressed an expectation to die, but I have never expressed a wish to die. I said at Chicago, and now repeat, that I am quite aware this Government has endured, half slave and half free, for eighty-two years. I understand that little bit of history. I expressed the opinion I did, because I perceived, or thought I perceived, a new set of causes introduced. I did say at Chicago, in my speech there, that I do wish to see the spread of slavery arrested, and to see it placed where the public mind shall rest in the belief that it is in the course of ultimate extinction. I said that, because I supposed when the public mind shall rest in that belief, we shall hav peace on the slavery question. I have believed, and nov believe, the public mind did rest on that belief up to the intro tion of the Nebraska Bill.

THE NATIONALIZATION OF SLAVERY.

Although I have ever been opposed to slavery, so far I rest‹ in the hope and belief that it was in the course of ultimate e tinction. For that reason, it had been a minor question wi me. I might have been mistaken; but I had believed, a now believe, that the whole public mind, that is, the mind

the great majority, had rested in that belief up to the repeal of the Missouri Compromise. But upon that event, I became convinced that either I had been resting in a delusion, or the institution was being placed on a new basis, - a basis for making it perpetual, national, and universal. Subsequent events have greatly confirmed me in that belief. I believe that bill to be the beginning of a conspiracy for that purpose. So believing, I have since then considered that question a paramount one. So believing, I think the public mind will never rest till the power of Congress to restrict the spread of it shall again be acknowledged and exercised on the one hand, or, on the other, all resistance be entirely crushed out. I have expressed that opinion, and I entertain it to-night. It is denied that there is any tendency to the nationalization of slavery in these States.

CAROLINIAN AND VIRGINIAN TESTIMONY.

Mr. Brooks, of South Carolina, in one of his speeches, when they were presenting him canes, silver plate, gold pitchers, and the like, for assaulting Senator Sumner, distinctly affirmed his opinion that when this Constitution was formed, it was the belief of no man that slavery would last to the present day.

He said, what I think, that the framers of our Constitution placed the institution of slavery where the public mind rested in the hope that it was in the course of ultimate extinction. But he went on to say that the men of the present age, by their experience, have become wiser than the framers of the Consti¿ution ; and the invention of the cotton-gin had made the perpetuity of slavery a necessity in this country.

As another piece of evidence tending to this same point: Quite recently in Virginia, a man - the owner of slavesade a will providing that after his death certain of his slaves hould have their freedom if they should so choose, and go to iberia, rather than remain in slavery. They chose to be erated. But the persons to whom they would descend as operty, claimed them as slaves. A suit was instituted, which ally came to the Supreme Court of Virginia, and was therein

decided against the sláves, upon the ground that a negro cannot make a choice, that they had no legal power to choose, could not perform the condition upon which their freedom depended.

I do not mention this with any purpose of criticising it, but to connect it with the arguments as affording additional evidence of the change of sentiment upon this question of slavery in the direction of making it perpetual and national. I argue now as I did before, that there is such a tendency; and I am backed, not merely by the facts, but by the open confession in the slave States.

THE RULE OF THE FATHERS AND ITS EFFECTS.

And now, as to the Judge's inference, that because I wish to see slavery placed in the course of ultimate extinction, - placed where our fathers originally placed it,-I wish to annihilate the State legislatures, -to force cotton to grow upon the tops of the Green Mountains, to freeze ice in Florida, to cut lumber on the broad Illinois prairies, that I am in favor of all

these ridiculous and impossible things.

It seems to me it is a complete answer to all this to ask, if, when Congress did have the fashion of restricting slavery from free territory; when courts did have the fashion of deciding that taking a slave into a free country made him free,-I say it is a sufficient answer to ask, if any of this ridiculous nonsense about consolidation and uniformity, did actually follow? Who heard of any such thing, because of the ordinance of '87 ? because of the Missouri Restriction? because of the numerous court decisions of that character?

JUDICIAL AUTHORITY.

Now, as to the Dred Scott decision; for upon that he make his last point at me. He boldly takes ground in favor of the

decision.

This is one half of the onslaught, and one third of the enti plan of the campaign. I am opposed to that decision in a ce

I

tain sense, but not in the sense which he puts on it. I say that in so far as it decided in favor of Dred Scott's master, and against Dred Scott and his family, I do not propose to disturb or resist the decision.

I never have proposed to do any such thing. I think, that in respect for judicial authority, my humble history would not suffer in comparison with that of Judge Douglas. He would have the citizen conform his vote to that decision; the member of Congress, his; the President his use of the veto power. He would make it a rule of political action for the people and all the departments of the Government. I would not. By resisting it as a political rule, I disturb no right of property, create no disorder, excite no mobs.

When he spoke at Chicago, on Friday evening of last week, he made this same point upon me. On Saturday evening I replied, and reminded him of a Supreme Court decision, which he opposed for at least several years. Last night, at Bloomington, he took some notice of that reply, but entirely forgot to remember that part of it.

He renews his onslaught upon me, forgetting to remember that I have turned the tables against himself on that very point. I renew the effort to draw his attention to it. I wish to stand erect before the country, as well as Judge Douglas, on this question of judicial authority; and therefore I add something to the authority, in favor of my own position. I wish to show hat I am sustained by authority, in addition to that heretofore presented. I do not expect to convince the Judge. It is part of the plan of his campaign, and he will cling to it with a deserate gripe. Even turn it upon him,- the sharp point against im, and gaff him through, he will still cling to it till he can ivent some new dodge to take the place of it.

DANGERS OF JUDICIAL ENCROACHMENTS.

In public speaking it is tedious reading from documents; but must beg to indulge the practice to a limited extent. I shall ad from a letter written by Mr. Jefferson in 1820, and now to

be found in the seventh volume of his correspondence, at page 177. It seems he had been presented, by a gentleman of the name of Jarvis, with a book, or essay, or periodical, called the "Republican," and he was writing in acknowledgment of the present, and noting some of its contents. After expressing the hope that the work will produce a favorable effect upon the minds of the young, he proceeds to say :

"That it will have this tendency may be expected, and for that reason I feel an urgency to note what I deem an error in it, the more requiring notice as your opinion is strengthened by that of many others. You seem, in pages 84 and 148, to consider the judges as the ultimate arbiters of all constitutional questions, a very dangerous doctrine indeed, and one which would place us under the despotism of an oligarchy. Our judges are as honest as other men, and not more so. They have, with others, the same passions for party, for power, and the privilege of their corps. Their maxim is, boni judicis est ampliare jurisdictionem;' and their power is the more dangerous as they are in office for life, and not responsible, as the other functionaries are, to the elective control. The Constitution has erected no such single tribunal, knowing that, to whatever hands confided, with the corruptions of time and party, its members would become despots. It has more wisely made all the departments coequal and co-sovereign with themselves."

Thus we see the power claimed for the Supreme Court by Judge Douglas, Mr. Jefferson holds, would reduce us to the despotism of an oligarchy.

Now, I have said no more than this,-in fact, never quite so much as this at least I am sustained by Mr. Jefferson.

WHY DOUGLAS SUPPORTS THE DECISION.

Let us go a little further. You remember we once had : National Bank. Some one owed the bank a debt; he was sue and sought to avoid payment, on the ground that the bank wa unconstitutional. The case went to the Supreme Court, an therein it was decided that the bank was constitutional. Th