(REVISED)

UNIVERSAL CYCLOPÆDIA:

A SCIENTIFIC AND POPULAR

TREASURY

OF

USEFUL KNOWLEDGE.

ILLUSTRATED WITH MAPS, PLANS, AND ENGRAVINGS.

EDITORS-IN-CHIEF.

FREDERICK A. P. BARNARD, S. T. D., LL.D., L. H. D., M. N. A. S.,

PRESIDENT OF COLUMBIA COLLEGE, NEW YORK;

ARNOLD GUYOT, PH.D., LL.D., M. N. A. S.,

PROFESSOR OF GEOLOGY AND PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY, COLLEGE OF NEW JERSEY.

ASSOCIATE EDITORS.

Vice-Provost of the University of Penn.;
THEODORE D. WOOLSEY, S. T. D., LL.D.,
Ex-President of Yale College, Conn.

ASSISTANT EDITORS.

PORTER C. BLISS, A. M., L. P. BROCKETT, A. M., M. D., GEORGE CHASE, LL.B., CLARENCE Cook,
PROF. E. D. HUDSON, JR., M. D., CLEMENS PETERSEN, A. M., JOHN N. POMEROY, LL.D.
WITH NUMEROUS CONTRIBUTIONS FROM WRITERS OF DISTINGUISHED EMINENCE IN EVERY DEPARTMENT
OF LETTERS AND SCIENCE IN THE UNITED STATES AND IN EUROPE.

Complete in Eight Royal Octavo Volumes, including Appendis.

VOL. III.

FEAST HERRING.

(TESTIMONIALS AT THE END OF LAST VOLUME.)

NEW YORK:

A. J. JOHNSON & CO.,

11 GREAT JONES STREET, NEAR BROADWAY.
M. T. BROWN, DAVENPORT, IA.

MDCCCLXXXVI.

COPPER-PLATE MAPS ESPECIALLY ENGRAVED FOR JOHNSON'S CYCLOPÆDIA.

ENTERED ACCORDING TO ACT OF CONGRESS, IN THE YEAR ONE THOUSAND EIGHT HUNDRED AND EIGHTY-FIVE,
BY A. J. JOHNSON & CO., IN THE OFFICE OF THE LIBRARIAN OF CONGRESS, AT WASHINGTON.

3

BURR PRINTING HOUSE, 18 JACOB ST.,

New York.

BOUND BY

JOHN SOMERVILLE,

New York.

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE THIRD VOLUME

OF

JOHNSON'S UNIVERSAL CYCLOPÆDIA.

(REVISED.)

Abbe, Prof. Cleveland, M. A., Washington, D. C.,
Director of Government Weather Bureau.

Abbot, Henry L., M. N. A. S., Willett's Point, N. Y.,
Lieut.-Col. U. S. Engineers, Bvt. Brig.-Gen. U. S. A., Bvt. Maj.-
Gen. Vols.

Allen, Elisha H., Esq., Honolulu,

Late Chief Justice of Hawaiian Islands.

Allen, Frederick D., Ph. D., Cincinnati, O.,

Professor of Greek in the University of Cincinnati.

Anderson, Martin B., A. M., LL.D.,

President of the University of Rochester, N. Y.
Anthony, Miss Susan Brownell, New York.
Arnold, Albert N., S. T. D., Chicago, Ill.,

Late Prof. of New Testament Greek in Baptist Theol. Sem.
Atkinson, J. M. P., Esq.. Hampden-Sidney College, Va.
Aucaigne, Prof. Félix, A. M., LL.B., New York,

Foreign Editor of New York Commercial Advertiser. Austin, Coe F., Esq., Closter, N. J.

President of Columbia College, N. Y. Barnard, John G., A. M., LL.D., M. N. A. S.,

Late Col. U. S. Engineers, Bvt. Major-Gen. U. S. Army.

Benton, Col. James G., U. S. Ordnance.
Bermingham, Edward J., M. D., New York.
Betts, Rev. Beverley R., A. M., New York,

Associate Editor Army and Navy Journal, New York.

Clark, Alonzo, M. D., New York,
President of New York College of Physicians and Surgeons,
Medical Department, Columbia College.

Comfort, George F., A. M., Syracuse, N. Y.,
Prof. of Mod. Languages and Esthetics, Syracuse University.
Cook, Clarence, Esq., New York, Editor of The Studio.
Cooke, Josiah P., A. M., Cambridge, Mass.,

Prof. of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Harvard University.
Cooke, M. C., A. M., F. R. S., London, England,

Author of Hand-Book of British Fungi.
Crawford, Prof. T. H., Portland, Or.
Cullum, George W., New York,

Col. U. S. Engineers, Bvt. Maj.-Gen. U.S. A.
Cunliff, S. H., Esq., Garden City, L. I.
Curtis, Edward, M. D., New York,

Prof. of Materia Medica and Therapeutics, Medical Depart-
ment, Columbia College.
Darling, Henry, D. D., LL.D., Clinton, N. Y.,
President of Hamilton College.

Darlington, William, Esq.
Davidson, Thomas, A. M., Cambridge, Mass.
Davis, Charles Henry, LL.D.,

Late Rear-Admiral U. S. N.

Former Librarian of Columbia College. Dawson, Benjamin F., M. D., New York.
Dawson, Prof. John W., LL.D., F. R. S., Montreal,
Principal of McGill College.

Bishop, J. B., Esq., New York, New York Tribune.
Blackie, George S., M. D., Ph. D., Nashville, Tenn.,

Professor of Chemistry, University of Nashville.
Blake, William P., A. M., Ph. B., New Haven, Conn.,
Former Prof. of Mineralogy and Geology, Coll. of California.
Bloncourt, Melvil, Esq.

Brand, Rev. William F., A. M., Emmerton, Md.,
Rector of St. Mary's Church.
Brockett, Linus P., A. M., M. D., Brooklyn, N. Y.,
Editor of Descriptive America.
Brown, Edward, Brooklyn, N. Y.
Burgess, John W., LL.D.,

Day, E. C. H., Esq., New York,
Prof. of Geology and Physiology in New York Normal College.

De Peyster, Gen. J. Watts, A. M., New York.
Detmold, William, M. D., New York,

Professor Emeritus of Clinical and Military Surgery, Medical
Department, Columbia College.

Dixon, W. J., Esq., London, England.
Dole, S. B., Esq., Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands.
Dorner, Rev. Isaac A., S. T. D., Berlin, Germany,
Late Professor in University of Berlin.

Professor of Political History and Public Law, Columbia Col- Drisler, Henry, A. M., LL.D.,
lege, N. Y.

Cameron, Henry C., Ph. D., D. D., Princeton, N. J.,

Professor of Greek in College of New Jersey.

Jay Professor of Greek, Columbia College. Dwight, Theodore W., A. M., LL.D., Professor of Municipal Law, Columbia College, N. Y. Chandler, Charles F., Ph. D., M. D., LL.D., M. N. A. S., Eaton, Daniel C., M. A., New Haven, Conn., Prof. Anal. Chem., School of Mines, Columbia College, N. Y.

Professor of Botany, Yale College.